Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.5.1.4 (deaminase)
 5,113 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Iproniazid (1-isonicotinoyl-2-isopropylhydrazine), an antidepressant drug removed from clinical use because of hepatic injury, and isopropylhydrazine, a metabolite of iproniazid, were found to be potent hepatotoxins in rats. This animal model was used in studies in vivo and in vitro to define better the biochemical and chemical mechanism(s) by which iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine mediate hepatotoxicity. Phenobarbital, an inducer of a class of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes, greatly potentiated the necrosis, whereas inhibitors of these microsomal enzymes such as cobalt chloride, piperonyl butoxide and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, prevented the necrosis. Bis-para-nitrophenyl phosphate, an inhibitor of esterase and amidase enzymes, prevented the necrosis caused by iproniazid but had no effect on the necrosis caused by isopropylhydrazine. Iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine labeled with tritium or carbon-14 in the isopropyl group were found to bind covalently to hepatic tissue macromolecules, and those pretreatments that increased hepatic necrosis significantly increased covalent binding, whereas those pretreatments which prevented necrosis significantly decreased covalent binding. Iproniazid labeled with tritium in the pyridine ring or carbon-14 in the carbonyl group did not bind significantly to hepatic tissue. Rats that were given iproniazid or isopropylhydrazine, labeled specifically with tritium and carbon-14 on the c-2 methine position of the isopropyl group, expired acetone and carbon dioxide labeled with carbon-14. More importantly, propane was expired and contained a ratio of 3H/14C that was identical to that in the administered iproniazid or isopropylhydrazine and also identical to the 3H/14C ratio of the metabolite that was covalently bound to hepatic tissue macromolecules. Experiments carried out with rat liver microsomes and isopropylhydrazine specifically labeled with deuterium, tritium and carbon-14 support the view that isopropylhydrazine is the metabolite of iproniazid that is oxidized by a microsomal P-450 enzyme to a species that alkylates tissue macromolecules. Some of the urinary metabolites excreted by rats that were administered hepatotoxic doses of iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine have been identified by cochromatography and isotope dilution with synthetic standards and by comparative mass spectra. Compounds excreted into the urine of rats dosed with iproniazid include iproniazid, iproniazid-1-oxide, isonicotinic acid, isonicotinoyl glycine, acetylisoniazid, isopropylhydrazine, 1-acetyl-2-isopropylhydrazine and acetone. Isopropylhydrazine, 1-acetyl-2-isopropylhydrazine, and acetone have been found in the urine of animals administered toxic doses of isopropylhydrazine.
 ...
PMID:Hepatotoxicity and metabolism of iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine. 70 22

Both iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine were metabolized to the hydrocarbon products, propane and propylene, with nearly identical Michaelis constants and rates. This reaction appeared to be catalyzed by microsomal cytochrome P-450. Isonicotinic acid, a product of iproniazid hydrolysis by various amidases, was produced in only very small quantities, suggesting that the other amidase product, isopropylhydrazine, may not be an obligatory intermediate in the pathway of hydrocarbon formation from iproniazid. Hydrocarbon formation from iproniazid was more sensitive to inhibition in vitro by bis-p-nitrophenylphosphate (used in vivo as an amidase inhibitor) than was isopropylhydrazine. Iproniazid must be directly metabolized by cytochrome P-450 to yield propane and propylene, presumably via an azo ester intermediate which could give rise to an isopropyl radical, the chemical species presumed to be responsible for the hepatoxicity apparent after administration of large doses of iproniazid in vivo.
 ...
PMID:Propane and propylene formation during the microsomal metabolism of iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine. 397 3

The characteristics of isoniazid amidase which hydrolyzes isoniazid to isonicotinic acid and hydrazine was examined in vitro using rat liver subcellular fractions. The activity of isoniazid amidase was estimated from the amount of hydrazine produced from a substrate, isoniazid, by means of GC-MS. High activity of the amidase was observed in the microsomal and lysosomal fractions, and at pH 7.4-7.8 in the microsomal fraction. The amidase was not inhibited by acetanilide, but by procaine and bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate. As expected, acetylisoniazid, a main metabolite of isoniazid, also inhibited the amidase. Not only the microsomal monooxygenase but also amidase was strongly induced by pretreatment with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and rifampicin, respectively.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic hydrolysis of isoniazid by subcellular fractions of rat liver. 649 51

The relationship between the hepatotoxicity and metabolism of isoniazid and its metabolites, acetylisoniazid and acetylhydrazine, has been investigated. Toxic doses of acetylisoniazid and acetylhydrazine, radiolabeled in the acetyl group, were found to bind covalently to liver protein in vivo. This binding was mediated by the microsomal enzyme system as indicated by the effects of pretreatments altering the activity of these enzymes. Metabolic studies revealed that the pretreatments increased the metabolism of the acetylhydrazine moiety of acetyl-labeled acetylisoniazid and of acetylhydrazine itself by the microsomal enzyme system. Pretreatment with the acyl amidase inhibitor, bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, inhibited the hydrolysis of acetylisoniazid to isonicotinic acid plus acetylhydrazine and concomitantly decreased the covalent binding of acetyl-labeled acetylisoniazid. The changes in the metabolism of isoniazid, acetylisoniazid and acetylhydrazine effected by various pretreatments paralleled changes in the severity of the hepatic necrosis caused by the compounds. These results strongly suggest that acetylhydrazine is the metabolite responsible for the hepatic necrosis caused by isoniazid and that mirosomal metabolism of acetylhydrazine in vivo leads to the production of a reactive acylating species capable of reacting covalently with tissue macromolecules.
 ...
PMID:Isoniazid hepatoxicity: the relationship between covalent binding and metabolism in vivo. 676 40

The metabolism of 14C-isonicotinyl hydrazide (INH) (50 mg/kg, po) was studied in male New Zealand White rabbits and the effect on INH metabolism of pretreating the rabbits for 7 days with rifampin (100 mg/kg po per day) was also studied. The 14C-labelled metabolites were separated and quantitated by TLC and the unlabelled hydrazino metabolites by GLC. Absorption and elimination of INH was rapid since the peak blood 14C level was attained by 1 hr and the T 1/2 of elimination was 2.67 +/- 0.36 hr. By 12 hr 68.5 +/- 4.1% of the dose was recovered in the urine. The major metabolite excreted in the urine was isonicotinic acid (INA) which accounted for 40.3 +/- 3.5% of the dose followed by acetylisoniazid (AcINH) at 15.8 +/- 1.2%. The relatively high proportion of INA excreted by the rabbit compared to the rat and human is attributed to a high level of amidase in the rabbit, and is suggested as a possible explanation for the rabbit's sensitivity to INH-induced hepatotoxicity. Rifampin pretreatment produced only one significant change in the parameters studied and that was a reduction in AcINH excreted in urine. It is suggested that this effect may be due to rifampin increasing hepatic amidase activity.
 ...
PMID:Isoniazid metabolism in the rabbit, and the effect of rifampin pretreatment. 730 72

By determining the formation amount of isonicotinic acid (INA) from isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid:INH) in isolated rat hepatocytes, we were able to identify the involvement of the oxidative cleavage of the acid hydrazide. INA formation from INH increased significantly using the isolated hepatocytes prepared from rats pretreated with phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), dexamethazone (DEX) and rifampicin (RIF), respectively, in comparison to the control group. On the other hand, a remarkable decrease in INA formation from INH was observed by the addition of such P450 inhibitor as metyrapone or cimetidine as well as an amidase inhibitor bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP) to the isolated hepatocytes prepared from PB-pretreated rats. By further experiments using rat hepatic microsomes, the oxidative pathway of INA formation in INH metabolism was determined to be P450-dependent, since NADPH and oxygen were both essential for the oxidative pathway of INH to INA and the amount of INA formation was also significantly increased by P450 inducers. Regarding acetylisoniazid (AcINH) and isonicotinic acid amide (INAA), however, INA formation by P450 was little observed in the microsomal experiments.
 ...
PMID:Participation of P450-dependent oxidation of isoniazid in isonicotinic acid formation in rat liver. 958 87

The operational stabilities of nitrilases from Aspergillus niger K10 and Fusarium solani O1 were examined with 4-cyanopyridine as the substrate in continuous-stirred membrane reactors (CSMRs). The former enzyme was fairly stable at 30 degrees C with a deactivation constant (k (d)) and enzyme half-life of 0.014 h(-1) and 50 h, respectively, but the latter exhibited an even higher stability characterized by k (d) = 0.008 h(-1) and half-life of 87 h at 40 degrees C. Another advantage of this enzyme was its high chemoselectivity, i.e., selective transformation of nitriles into carboxylic acids, while the amide formed a high ratio of A. niger K10 nitrilase product. High conversion rates (>90%) were maintained for about 52 h using the nitrilase from F. solani O1 immobilized in cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). The purity of isonicotinic acid was increased from 98% to >99.9% by using two CSMRs connected in series, the first one containing the F. solani O1 nitrilase and the second the amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis A4 (both enzymes as CLEAs), the amidase hydrolyzing the by-product isonicotinamide.
 ...
PMID:Continuous hydrolysis of 4-cyanopyridine by nitrilases from Fusarium solani O1 and Aspergillus niger K10. 1955 25

The transformation dynamics of 2- and 4-cyanopyridines by cells suspended and adsorbed on inorganic carriers has been studied in the Rhodococcus ruber gt 1 strain possessing nitrile hydratase activity and the Pseudomonas fluorescens C2 strain containing nitrilase. It was shown that both nitrile hydratase and nitrilase activities of immobilized cells against 2-cyanopyridine were 1.5-4 times lower compared to 4-cyanopyridine and 1.6-2 times lower than the activities of free cells against 2-cyanpopyridine. The possibility of obtaining isonicotinic acid during the combined conversion of 4-cyanopyridine by a mixed suspension of R. ruber gt 1 cells with a high level of nitrile hydratase activity and R. erythropolis 11-2 cells with a pronounced activity of amidase has been shown. Immobilization of Rhodococcus cells on raw coal and Pseudomonas cells on china clay was shown to yield a heterogeneous biocatalyst for the efficient transformation of cyanopyridines into respective amides and carbonic acids.
 ...
PMID:[Transformation of 2- and 4-cyanopyridines by free and immobilized cells of nitrile-hydrolyzing bacteria]. 2445 61