Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.5.1.4 (deaminase)
5,113 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8) are serine hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. 2. (-) Huperzine A is an inhibitor of AChE and is being considered for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. 3. In addition to esterase activity, AChE and BuChE have intrinsic aryl acylamidase activity. 4. The function of aryl acylamidase is unknown but has been speculated to be important in Alzheimer pathology. 5. Kinetic effects of (-) huperzine A and (+/-) huperzine A on the aryl acylamidase activity of human cholinesterases were examined. 6. (-) Huperzine A inhibited the aryl acylamidase activities of both AChE and BuChE. 7. (+/-) Huperzine A inhibited this function in AChE but stimulated BuChE aryl acylamidase suggesting that the (+) enantiomer is a powerful activator of this enzyme activity. 8. The two huperzine enantiomers may prove to be useful tools to examine the function of aryl acylamidase activity, including its role in Alzheimer pathology.
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PMID:Enantiomer effects of huperzine A on the aryl acylamidase activity of human cholinesterases. 1270 85

Current approaches to the treatment of cognitive and behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer disease emphasize the use of cholinesterase inhibitors. The kinetic effects of the cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, galantamine, metrifonate, physostigmine, rivastigmine, and tetrahydroaminoacridine were examined with respect to their action on the esterase and aryl acylamidase activities of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Each of these drugs inhibited both AChE and BuChE, but to different degrees. Inhibition of BuChE by these compounds was approximately the same, or better, when acetylthiocholine, the analog of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, was used as the substrate, instead of butyrylthiocholine. In addition, for these drugs, the inhibition of aryl acylamidase activity paralleled that observed for inhibition of esterase activity of AChE and BuChE. Given that drugs that are currently in use for the treatment of Alzheimer disease inhibit both AChE and BuChE, the development of drugs targeted toward the exclusive inhibition of one or the other cholinesterase may be important for understanding the relative importance of inhibition of BuChE and AChE in the treatment of this disease.
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PMID:Inhibition of human cholinesterases by drugs used to treat Alzheimer disease. 1279 90

The endometrium stroma cells and properties of such key enzymes as acetylcholinesterase, Mg2+, Ca(2+)-ATPase, AMP-deaminase have been investigated in them. The activity of acetylcholinesterase in suspension of cells compounds is 9.8 +/- 0.2 mumol of tiocholinbromide/mg protein/hour and is reduced under influence of exogenous ATP, NO2-, H2O2 and Triton X-100. Common Mg2+, Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of compounds of 36 +/- 2 mumol Pi/mg protein/hour, is depressed by sodium azide and thapsigargine, that specifies presence of an investigated enzyme in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of investigated cells. In a suspension of stroma cells with addition of 0.2% of Triton X-100 for augmentation of permeability of cellular membranes and 1.5 M KCl for a dissociation of complexes AMP-deaminase with proteins and membranes, the deamination exogenous AMP up to IMP and NH3, is registered generated in the given response. The supposition about NH3 role as the paracrine regulator in the system endometrium-myometrium of the uterus is expressed.
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PMID:[Enzymes and processes of activation of the endometrium stromal cells]. 1514 16

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are known to exhibit aryl acylamidase activities (here called AAA(AChe) and AAA(BChe), respectively), which have been suggested to be involved in developmental and pathological processes. We here have investigated the developmental profiles of both AAA(AChe) and AAA(BChe) activities along with their AChE and BChE activities from embryonic days E3 to hatching (E21) in Triton-extracted homogenates from chicken embryonic brains. AAA(AChe) follows continuously an increase that is typical for AChE expression itself, whereas AAA(BChe) was relatively high before E10 to then become negligible toward hatching. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of both homogenized and immunopurified samples from E6-E18 brains showed that all globular forms (G1, G2, G4) of AChE present AAA(AChe) activity. Interestingly, the ratio of AAA(AChe) to AChE is highest at E6, and here again higher on G1/G2- over the G4-form. Noticeably, the sensitivity of AAA(AChe) toward the specific AChE inhibitor BW284c51 at all stages is higher than that of AChE itself. These data of high ratios of AAA associated at young stages with cholinesterases strongly indicate a role of AAA in early brain development.
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PMID:Aryl acylamidase activity on acetylcholinesterase is high during early chicken brain development. 1532 88

In zebrafish, the onset of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression was detected by RT-PCR at 4 hpf (hours post-fertilization). The aryl acylamidase (AAA) associated with AChE, a serotonin sensitive activity with unknown physiological function, was significantly higher than the esterase activity on zebrafish embryos homogenates at 4-12 h development (test-t = 3.523; d.f. = 4). Remarkably, the ratio of AAA/AChE activity decreased 210-fold from 4 to 144 h development, indicating a distinct embryonic role of AAA during early embryogenesis. The AAA activity was sensitive to eserine and serotonin, ensuring its association with AChE. This is the first report of AAA activity on fish, establishing zebrafish as a model to study AAA on development.
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PMID:Expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and aryl acylamidase (AAA) during early zebrafish embryogenesis. 1642 45

Butyrylcholinesterase in human plasma and acetylcholinesterase in human red blood cells have aryl acylamidase activity toward o-nitroacetanilide, hydrolyzing the amide bond to produce o-nitroaniline and acetate. People with a genetic variant of butyrylcholinesterase that had no detectable activity with butyrylthiocholine, nevertheless had aryl acylamidase activity in their plasma. To determine the source of this aryl acylamidase activity we tested fatty acid free human albumin for activity. We found that albumin had aryl acylacylamidase activity and that this activity was inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate. Since the esterase activity of albumin is also inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, and since it is known that diisopropylfluorophosphate covalently binds to Tyr 411 of human albumin, we conclude that the active site for aryl acylamidase activity of albumin is Tyr 411. Albumin accounts for about 10% of the aryl acylamidase activity in human plasma.
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PMID:Diisopropylfluorophosphate-sensitive aryl acylamidase activity of fatty acid free human serum albumin. 1682 79

Apart from its esterase activity, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) displays aryl acylamidase (AAA) activity able to hydrolyze o-nitroacetanilide (ONA) and its trifluoro-derivative (F-ONA). We report here that, despite amidase and esterase sites residing in the same protein, in human samples depleted of acetylcholinesterase the ratio of amidase to esterase activity varied depending on the source of BuChE. The much faster degradation of ONA and F-ONA by BuChE monomers (G1) of colon and kidney than by the tetramers (G4) suggests aggregation-driven differences in the AAA site between single and polymerized subunits. The similar ratio of F-ONAto butyrylthiocholine hydrolysis by serum G1 and G4 forms support structural differences in the amidase site according to the source of BuChE. The changing ratios of amidase to esterase activities in the human sources probably arise from post-translational modifications in BuChE subunits, the specific proportion of monomers and oligomers and the variable capacity of the tetramers for degrading ONA and F-ONA. The elevated amidase activity of BuChE monomers and the scant activity of the tetramers justify the occurrence of single BuChE subunits in cells as a means to sustain the AAA activity of BuChE which otherwise could be lost by tetramerization.
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PMID:Human butyrylcholinesterase components differ in aryl acylamidase activity. 1820 47

Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) display both esterase and aryl acylamidase (AAA) activities. Their AAA activity can be measured using o-nitroacetanilide (ONA). In human samples depleted of acetylcholinesterase, we noticed that the ratio of amidase to esterase activities varied depending on the source, despite both activities being due to BuChE. Searching for an explanation, we compared the activities of BuChE molecular forms in samples of human colon, kidney and serum, and observed that BuChE monomers (G(1)) hydrolyzed o-nitroacetanilide much faster than tetramers (G(4)). This fact suggested that association might cause differences in the AAA site between single and polymerized subunits. This and other post-translational modifications in BuChE subunits probably determine their level of AAA activity. The higher amidase activity of monomers could justify the presence of single BuChE subunits in cells as a way to preserve the AAA activity of BuChE, which could be lost by oligomerization.
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PMID:The level of aryl acylamidase activity displayed by human butyrylcholinesterase depends on its molecular distribution. 1845 6

Besides esterase activity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) hydrolyze o-nitroacetanilides through aryl acylamidase activity. We have reported that BuChE tetramers and monomers of human blood plasma differ in o-nitroacetanilide (ONA) hydrolysis. The homology in quaternary structure and folding of subunits in the prevalent BuChE species (G4(H)) of human plasma and AChE forms of fetal bovine serum prompted us to study the esterase and amidase activities of fetal bovine serum AChE. The k(cat)/K(m) values for acetylthiocholine (ATCh), ONA and its trifluoro derivative N-(2-nitrophenyl)-trifluoroacetamide (F-ONA) were 398 x 10(6) M(-1) min(-1), 0.8 x 10(6) M(-1) min(-1), and 17.5 x 10(6) M(-1) min(-1), respectively. The lack of inhibition of amidase activity at high F-ONA concentrations makes it unlikely that there is a role for the peripheral anionic site (PAS) in F-ONA degradation, but the inhibition of ATCh, ONA and F-ONA hydrolysis by the PAS ligand fasciculin-2 points to the transit of o-nitroacetalinides near the PAS on their way to the active site. Sedimentation analysis confirmed substrate hydrolysis by tetrameric 10.9S AChE. As compared with esterase activity, amidase activity was less sensitive to guanidine hydrochloride. This reagent led to the formation of 9.3S tetramers with partially unfolded subunits. Their capacity to hydrolyze ATCh and F-ONA revealed that, despite the conformational change, the active site architecture and functionality of AChE were partially retained.
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PMID:Hydrolysis of acetylthiocoline, o-nitroacetanilide and o-nitrotrifluoroacetanilide by fetal bovine serum acetylcholinesterase. 1929 75

The appearance of cholinergic trait often precedes synaptogenesis, indicating the involvement of cholinesterase proteins in nervous system development, particularly so acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In addition to AChE's acclaimed esterase activity, its lesser known non-cholinergic functions have gained much attention, because of AChE protein expression in areas other than cholinergic innervations; one such function could be exerted by its associated aryl acylamidase (AAA) activity. In this study, an attempt has been made in profiling esterase and AAA activities of AChE at different developmental stages of the chick embryo, e.g. at embryonic day 6 (E6), E9, E12, E15 and E18. AAA activity showed a correlated expression with esterase activity at all stages, but the relative ratios of AAA to esterase activity were higher at younger stages. The inhibition of AAA activity was shown to be more sensitive towards Huperzine, Donepezil whereas inhibition of esterase activity was sensitive to Tacrine and DFP. Remarkably, the major Alzheimer drugs- Huperzine and Donepezil, much more strongly inhibited AAA activity of AChE at younger developmental stages whose IC50 values are 0.01 muM and 0.1 muM respectively. In the case of BW284c51, inhibition was more pronounced at older stages and IC50 value was 0.1 muM. Since in Alzheimer's disease (AD), embryonic forms of AChE have been reported to reappear, a possible role of AAA activity in the pathogenesis of AD should be considered.
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PMID:The aryl acylamidase activity is much more sensitive to Alzheimer drugs than the esterase activity of acetylcholinesterase in chicken embryonic brain. 1960 73


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