Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.5.1.1 (asparaginase)
 2,695 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new type of transposon, named Anaconda (Anac) has been found in rice (Oryza sativa). In this paper, we demonstrate that Anaconda elements have diversified by acquisition of host cellular genes, amplification of the elements, and substitution and deletion of short segments. We identified four Anaconda elements in studies of rice alternative oxidase (AOX) genes, and subsequently isolated an additional 23 elements based on the identity of their terminal inverted repeats (TIRs). The Anaconda elements have long TIRs (114-458 bp). They also have direct repeats of 9 or 10 bp in their flanking regions that are thought to have been generated upon transposition. These structural features reveal that the Anaconda elements belong to the Mu superfamily. The most prominent feature of the Anaconda elements is the high frequency with which they have acquired host cellular genes. Of the 27 elements found here, 19 appear to have sequences presumably derived from rice genes, for example, the genes for AOX1c (four elements), cytochrome P450 (five elements), L: -asparaginase (five elements), and PCF8 (two elements). Four elements, AnacA1-A4, have both the AOX1c and P450 genes. One element, AnacB14, involves a gene similar to mudrA of maize MuDR. Database analyses revealed that the loci of 26 of the 27 Anaconda elements in the subspecies japonica are the same as those in the subspecies indica. This suggests that these elements were incorporated before the divergence of these two subspecies.
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PMID:Anaconda, a new class of transposon belonging to the Mu superfamily, has diversified by acquiring host genes during rice evolution. 1620 89

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a prevalent form of pediatric cancer that accounts for 70-80% of all leukemias. Genome-based analysis, exome sequencing, transcriptomics and proteomics have provided insight into genetic classification of ALL and helped identify novel subtypes of the disease. B and T cell-based ALL are two well-characterized genomic subtypes, significantly marked by bone marrow disorders, along with mutations in trisomy 21 and T53. The other ALLs include Early T-cell precursor ALL, Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL, Down syndrome-associated ALL and Relapsed ALL. Chromosomal number forms a basis of classification, such as, hypodiploid ALL, near-haploid, low-hypodiploid, high-hypodiploid and hypodiploid-ALL. Advances in therapies targeting ALL have been noteworthy, with significant pre-clinical and clinical studies on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine are leading drugs with best demonstrated efficacies against childhood ALL. The drugs in combination, following dose titration, have also been used for maintenance therapy. Methotrexate-polyglutamate is a key metabolite that specifically targets the disease pathogenesis, and 6-thioguanine nucleotides, derived from 6-mercaptopurine, impede replication and transcription processes, inducing cytotoxicity. Additionally, glucocorticoids, asparaginase, anthracycline, vincristine and cytarabine that trans-repress gene expression, deprives cells of asparagine, triggers cell cycle arrest, influences cytochrome-P450 polymorphism and inhibits DNA polymerase, respectively, have been used in chemotherapy in ALL patients. Overall, this review covers the progress in genome technology related to different sub-types of ALL and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of its medications. It also enlightens adverse effects of current drugs, and emphasizes the necessity of genome-wide association studies for restricting childhood ALL.
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PMID:Genomics and pharmacogenomics of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 2975 51