Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Receptor interacting protein (RIP) is recruited to tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1 (TNFR1) complex upon stimulation and plays a crucial role in the receptor-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Among the components of the TNFR1 complex are proteins that possess ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase (E3) activities, such as TNFR1-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (c-IAPs) namely, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2. Here, we showed that ectopically expressed RIP is ubiquitinated, and either the intermediate or death domain of RIP is required for this modification. Expression of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 decreased the steady-state level of RIP, which was blocked by inhibition of the 26S proteasome. RIP degradation requires intact c-IAP2 containing the RING domain. Our in vitro ubiquitination assay revealed that while TRAF2 had no effect, both c-IAP1 and c-IAP2-mediated RIP ubiquitination with similar efficiency, indicating that c-IAPs can function as E3 toward RIP.
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PMID:Receptor interacting protein is ubiquitinated by cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (c-IAP1 and c-IAP2) in vitro. 1514 86

Bfl-1/A1 is generally recognized as a Bcl-2-related inhibitor of apoptosis. We show that Bfl-1 undergoes constitutive ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated turnover. Moreover, while Bfl-1 suppresses apoptosis induced by staurosporine or cytokine withdrawal, it is proapoptotic in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor activation in FL5.12 pro-B cells. Its anti- versus proapoptotic effect is regulated by two proteolytic events: (1) its constitutive proteasome-mediated turnover and (2) its TNF/cycloheximide (CHX)-induced cleavage by mu-calpain, or a calpain-like activity, coincident with acquisition of a proapoptotic phenotype. In vitro studies suggest that calpain-mediated cleavage of Bfl-1 occurs between its Bcl-2 homology (BH)4 and BH3 domains. This would be consistent with the generation of a proapoptotic Bax-like BH1-3 molecule. Overall, our studies uncovered two new regulatory mechanisms that play a decisive role in determining Bfl-1's prosurvival versus prodeath activities. These findings might provide important clues to counteract chemoresistance in tumor cells that highly express Bfl-1.
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PMID:Constitutive proteasome-mediated turnover of Bfl-1/A1 and its processing in response to TNF receptor activation in FL5.12 pro-B cells convert it into a prodeath factor. 1609 3

Evidence has accumulated showing that pharmacological inhibition of proteasome activity can both induce and prevent neuronal apoptosis. We tested the hypothesis that these paradoxical effects of proteasome inhibitors depend on the degree of reduced proteasome activity and investigated underlying mechanisms. Murine cortical cell cultures exposed to 0.1 microM MG132 underwent widespread neuronal apoptosis and showed partial inhibition of proteasome activity down to 30-50%. Interestingly, administration of 1-10 microM MG132 almost completely blocked proteasome activity but resulted in reduced neuronal apoptosis. Similar results were produced in cortical cultures exposed to other proteasome inhibitors, proteasome inhibitor I and lactacystin. Administration of 0.1 microM MG132 led to activation of a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling cascade involving cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3 and degradation of tau protein; such activation was markedly reduced with 10 microM MG132. High doses of MG132 prevented the degradation of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) cIAP and X chromosome-linked IAP, suggesting that complete blockade of proteasome activity interferes with progression of apoptosis. In support of this, addition of high doses of proteasome inhibitors attenuated apoptosis of cortical neurons deprived of serum. Taken together, the present results indicate that inhibition of proteasome activity can induce or prevent neuronal cell apoptosis through regulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways and IAPs.
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PMID:Induction and attenuation of neuronal apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors in murine cortical cell cultures. 1614 41

Human cytomegalovirus carries a mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) that is conserved in primate cytomegaloviruses. We find that inactivating mutations within UL37x1, which encodes vMIA, do not substantially affect replication in TownevarATCC (Towne-BAC), a virus that carries a functional copy of the betaherpesvirus-conserved viral inhibitor of caspase 8 activation, the UL36 gene product. In Towne-BAC infection, vMIA reduces susceptibility of infected cells to intrinsic death induced by proteasome inhibition. vMIA is sufficient to confer resistance to proteasome inhibition when expressed independent of viral infection. Murine cytomegalovirus m38.5, whose position in the viral genome is analogous to UL37x1, exhibits mitochondrial association and functions in much the same manner as vMIA in inhibiting intrinsic cell death. This work suggests a common role for vMIA in rodent and primate cytomegaloviruses, modulating the threshold of virus-infected cells to intrinsic cell death.
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PMID:Mitochondrial cell death suppressors carried by human and murine cytomegalovirus confer resistance to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis. 1616 Jan 47

Accumulating evidence indicates that there is a critical role of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in the regulation of apoptosis. Among the important molecules that couple these two fundamental cellular activities are members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family. In addition to their well-studied ability to directly bind and inhibit caspases, many IAPs contain RING domains that are necessary and sufficient to cause ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasome-mediated proteolysis. This review summarizes recent findings about the ubiquitin protein ligase activity of IAPs, and considers possible mechanisms for substrate selectivity.
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PMID:The ubiquitin ligase ability of IAPs regulates apoptosis. 1639 80

Apoptosis of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have both been implicated in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. We have previously reported that degraded type I collagen fragments induce a rapid but transient apoptotic burst initiated by calpains in SMC. The aim of the current study was to identify the pathway responsible for consecutive SMC survival. We show that exposure of SMC to collagen fragments resulted in a sustained activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB via phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha. Its prevention through retroviral expression of superrepressor IkappaBalpha or proteasome inhibition potently induced apoptosis. In the presence of blocking antibodies to alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and RGD peptides, collagen fragments no longer activated NF-kappaB and apoptosis was enhanced. The mechanism by which NF-kappaB was protecting SMC against collagen fragment-induced apoptosis was a transcriptional activation of several endogenous caspase inhibitors of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family as: (1) the expression of xIAP, c-IAP2, and survivin was potently induced by collagen fragments; (2) IAP expression was abrogated by superrepressor IkappaBalpha; and (3) knockdown of each of the 3 IAPs by small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in enhanced apoptosis after collagen fragment treatment. Our data suggest that SMC exposed to degraded collagen are protected against apoptosis by a mechanism involving alpha(v)beta(3)-dependent NF-kappaB activation with consequent activation of IAPs. This may constitute a novel antiapoptotic pathway ensuring SMC survival in settings of enhanced ECM degradation such as cell migration, vascular remodeling, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
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PMID:Integrin-mediated transcriptional activation of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins protects smooth muscle cells against apoptosis induced by degraded collagen. 1672 60

Livin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, encodes a protein containing a single baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain and a COOH-terminal RING finger domain. It has been reported that Livin directly interacts with caspase-3 and -7 in vitro and caspase-9 in vivo via its BIR domain and is negatively regulated by Smac/DIABLO. Nonetheless, the detailed mechanism underlying its antiapoptotic function has not yet been fully characterized. In this report, we provide, for the first time, the evidence that Livin can act as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for targeting the degradation of Smac/DIABLO. Both BIR domain and RING finger domain of Livin are required for this degradation in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate that Livin is an unstable protein with a half-life of less than 4 h in living cells. The RING domain of Livin promotes its auto-ubiquitination, whereas the BIR domain is likely to display degradation-inhibitory activity. Mutation in the Livin BIR domain greatly enhances its instability and nullifies its binding to Smac/DIABLO, resulting in a reduced antiapoptosis inhibition. Our findings provide a novel function of Livin: it exhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase activity to degrade the pivotal apoptotic regulator Smac/DIABLO through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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PMID:Livin promotes Smac/DIABLO degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. 1672 33

E3 ubiquitin ligases are a large family of proteins that are engaged in the regulation of the turnover and activity of many target proteins. Together with ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, E3 ubiquitin ligases catalyze the ubiquitination of a variety of biologically significant protein substrates for targeted degradation through the 26S proteasome, as well as for nonproteolytic regulation of their functions or subcellular localizations. E3 ubiquitin ligases, therefore, play an essential role in the regulation of many biologic processes. Increasing amounts of evidence strongly suggest that the abnormal regulation of some E3 ligases is involved in cancer development. Furthermore, some E3 ubiquitin ligases are frequently overexpressed in human cancers, which correlates well with increased chemoresistance and poor clinic prognosis. In this review, E3 ubiquitin ligases (such as murine double minute 2, inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein) will be evaluated as potential cancer drug targets and prognostic biomarkers. Extensive study in this field would lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism by which E3 ligases regulate cellular processes and of how their deregulations contribute to carcinogenesis. This would eventually lead to the development of a novel class of anticancer drugs targeting specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, as well as the development of sensitive biomarkers for cancer treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis.
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PMID:E3 ubiquitin ligases as cancer targets and biomarkers. 1692 47

Identification of alternative pathways of caspase activation is an important step to develop new antitumor treatments. We report here the result of a screening with a small chemical library, the Developmental Therapeutics Program-National Cancer Institute "challenge set," on cells expressing mutated caspase-9. We have identified two molecules capable of activating an apoptosome-independent apoptotic pathway. These compounds, named F6 and G5, target the ubiquitin-proteasome system by inhibiting the ubiquitin isopeptidases. We have shown that F6 and G5 induce a rather unique apoptotic pathway, which includes a Bcl-2-dependent but apoptosome-independent mitochondrial pathway with up-regulation of the BH3-only protein Noxa, stabilization of the inhibitor of apoptosis antagonist Smac, but also the involvement of the death receptor pathway. Noxa plays an important role in the induction of mitochondrial fragmentation and caspase activation, whereas the death receptor pathway becomes critical in the absence of a functional apoptosome. This study suggests that screening of chemical libraries on cancer cells with defined mutations in apoptotic key elements can lead to the identification of compounds that are useful to characterize alternative pathways of caspase activation.
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PMID:Identification of new compounds that trigger apoptosome-independent caspase activation and apoptosis. 1698 68

Several of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family members regulate apoptosis in response to various cellular assaults. Some members are also involved in cell signalling, mitosis and targeting proteins to the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation machinery. The most intensively studied family member, X-linked IAP (XIAP), is a potent inhibitor of caspase activity; hence, it is generally assumed that direct caspase inhibition is an important conserved function of most members of the family. Biochemical and structural studies have precisely mapped the elements of XIAP required for caspase inhibition. Intriguingly, these elements are not conserved among IAPs. Here, we review current knowledge of the caspase-inhibitory potential of the human IAPs and show that XIAP is probably the only bona fide caspase inhibitor, suggesting that the other family members never gained the ability to directly inhibit caspase activity.
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PMID:Human inhibitor of apoptosis proteins: why XIAP is the black sheep of the family. 1701 56


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