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Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
 28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To understand the function of the individual oncogenes of HPV16 in modulating the cellular response to apoptogenic signals, we used human keratinocytes immortalized with either E6, E7 or E6/E7 oncoproteins as model system. Applying CD95 antibodies or recombinant CD95 ligand, only the E7-immortalized cells underwent extensive apoptosis. In contrast, E6- and E6/E7-expressing keratinocytes were resistant. Dominance of E6 correlated with significant down-regulation of p53, c-Myc, p21 and Bcl-2. CD95 was found to be reduced in resistant HPV-positive cells, while there were no quantitative differences in expression levels of FADD, FLICE/caspase-8 or caspase-3. Notably, in contrast to primary human keratinocytes, all immortalized cells showed a general reduction of c-FLIP, an inhibitory protein which normally prevents unscheduled CD95-induced apoptosis. E6- and E6/E7-positive keratinocytes, however, can be sensitized to CD95 apoptosis by blocking proteasome-mediated proteolysis. CD95-resistant HPV-positive cells underwent apoptosis within 3-5 h upon co-incubation with MG132 and agonistic antibodies or CD95 ligand, which was preceded by a strong re-expression of p53 and c-Myc, but not of other half-life controlled proteins such as Bax or IkappaBalpha. Blockage of proteasomal activity alone did not result in apoptosis, although the same set of pro-apoptotic proteins was up-regulated. Performing similar experiments with cervical carcinoma cells expressing mutated p53 (C33a) or with p53-'null' lung carcinoma cells (H1299), no CD95 cell killing occurred even though c-Myc was strongly induced. These data indicate that the reduced bioavailability of p53 is a key-regulatory event in perturbation of CD95 signaling in HPV16 immortalized keratinocytes.
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PMID:Restoration of p53 expression sensitizes human papillomavirus type 16 immortalized human keratinocytes to CD95-mediated apoptosis. 1180 60

Previously, we reported that c-Myc is glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine at Thr-58, a known phosphorylation site and a mutational hot spot in lymphomas. In this paper, we describe the production and characterization of two Thr-58 site-specific antibodies and use them to examine the modification of Thr-58 in living cells. One antibody specifically reacts with the Thr-58-glycosylated form of c-Myc, and the other reacts only with unmodified Thr-58 in c-Myc. Using these antibodies together with a commercial anti-Thr-58-phosphorylated c-Myc antibody, we simultaneously detected three forms of c-Myc (Thr-58-unmodified, -phosphorylated, and -glycosylated). It has been reported that Thr-58 phosphorylation is dependent on a prior phosphorylation of Ser-62. Mutagenesis of Ser-62 to Ala showed a marked decrease of Thr-58 phosphorylation and a marked increase of Thr-58 glycosylation. Growth inhibition of HL60 cells by serum starvation increases Thr-58 glycosylation and correspondingly decreases its phosphorylation. Serum stimulation has the opposite effect upon the modification status of Thr-58. A candidate kinase responsible for Thr-58 phosphorylation is the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). Lithium, a competitive inhibitor of GSK3, decreased Thr-58 phosphorylation and increased its glycosylation. Finally, we show that the Thr-58-phosphorylated form of c-Myc predominantly accumulates in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus upon inhibition of proteasome activity. These data suggest that hierarchical phosphorylation of Ser-62 and Thr-58 and alternative glycosylation/phosphorylation of Thr-58 together regulate the myriad functions of c-Myc in cells.
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PMID:Dynamic interplay between O-glycosylation and O-phosphorylation of nucleocytoplasmic proteins: alternative glycosylation/phosphorylation of THR-58, a known mutational hot spot of c-Myc in lymphomas, is regulated by mitogens. 1190 4

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is an important regulator of cell growth and apoptosis. The potential of specific proteasome inhibitors to act as novel anti-cancer agents is currently under intensive investigation. Several proteasome inhibitors exert anti-tumour activity in vivo and potently induce apoptosis in tumour cells in vitro, including those resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. By inhibiting NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, proteasome inhibitors may also prevent angiogenesis and metastasis in vivo and further increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to apoptosis. Proteasome inhibitors also exhibit some level of selective cytotoxicity to cancer cells by preferentially inducing apoptosis in proliferating or transformed cells or by overcoming deficiencies in growth-inhibitory or pro-apoptotic molecules. High expression of oncogene products like c-Myc also makes cancer cells more susceptible to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors varies between cell types but often occurs following an initial accumulation of short-lived proteins such as p53, p27, pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members or activation of the stress kinase JNK. These initial events often result in a perturbation of mitochondria with concomitant release of cytochrome c and activation of the Apaf-1 containing apoptosome complex. This results in activation of the apical caspase-9 followed by activation of effector caspases-3 and -7, which are responsible for the biochemical and morphological changes associated with apoptosis.
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PMID:The proteasome: a novel target for cancer chemotherapy. 1196 Mar 20

The N-terminal domain of c-Myc plays a key role in cellular transformation and is involved in both activation and repression of target genes as well as in modulated proteolysis of c-Myc via the proteasome. Given this functional complexity, it has been difficult to clarify the structures within the N terminus that contribute to these different processes as well as the mechanisms by which they function. We have used a simplified yeast model system to identify the primary determinants within the N terminus for (i) chromatin remodeling of a promoter, (ii) gene activation from a chromatin template in vivo, and (iii) interaction with highly purified Gcn5 complexes as well as other chromatin-remodeling complexes in vitro. The results identify two regions that contain autonomous chromatin opening and gene activation activity, but both regions are required for efficient interaction with chromatin-remodeling complexes in vitro. The conserved Myc boxes do not play a direct role in gene activation, and Myc box II is not generally required for in vitro interactions with remodeling complexes. The yeast SAGA complex, which is orthologous to the human GCN5-TRRAP complex that interacts with Myc in human cells, plays a role in Myc-mediated chromatin opening at the promoter but may also be involved in later steps of gene activation.
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PMID:Recruitment of Gcn5-containing complexes during c-Myc-dependent gene activation. Structure and function aspects. 1197 36

Precise control of the level of c-Myc protein is important to normal cellular homeostasis, and this is accomplished in part by degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The calpains are a family of calcium-dependent proteases that play important roles in proteolysis of some proteins, and their possible participation in degradation of intracellular c-Myc was therefore investigated. Activation of calpain with the cell-permeable calcium ionophore A23187 in Rat1a-myc or ts85 cells in culture induced rapid cleavage of c-Myc. This degradation was both calpain- and calcium-dependent since it was inhibited by preincubation with either the calpain-inhibitory peptide calpeptin or the calcium-chelating agent EGTA. A23187-induced c-Myc cleavage occurred in a time-dependent manner comparable to that of FAK, a known calpain substrate, and while calpeptin was able to significantly protect c-Myc from degradation, inhibitors of the proteasome or caspase proteases could not. Exposure of Rat1a-myc or ts85 cells in culture to calpeptin, or to the thiol-protease inhibitor E64d, resulted in the accumulation of c-Myc protein without an impact on ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Using an in vitro assay, calpain-mediated degradation occurred rapidly with wild-type c-Myc as the substrate, but was significantly prolonged in some c-Myc mutants with increased transforming activity derived from lymphoma patients. Those mutants with a prolonged half-life in vitro were also more resistant to A23187-induced cleavage in intact cells. These studies support a role for calpain in the control of c-Myc levels in vivo, and suggest that mutations impacting on sensitivity to calpain may contribute to c-Myc-mediated tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Evidence for involvement of calpain in c-Myc proteolysis in vivo. 1205 25

We have previously shown that the Jak2 tyrosine kinase is activated in Bcr-Abl positive cell lines and blood cells from CML blast crisis patients by tyrosine phosphorylation. We are searching for downstream targets of Jak2 in Bcr-Abl positive cells. It is known that c-Myc expression is required for the oncogenic effects of Bcr-Abl, and that over-expression of c-Myc complements the transformation defect of the Bcr-Abl SH2 deletion mutant. Moreover, the Bcr-Abl SH2 deletion mutant and an Abl C-terminal deletion mutant are deficient in activating c-Myc expression. Since the Jak2 binds to the C-terminal domain of Bcr-Abl and optimal Jak2 activation requires the SH2 domain, we tested whether Jak2 was involved in c-Myc protein induction by Bcr-Abl. We treated the 32Dp210 Bcr-Abl cells with the Jak2 specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG490, and found that this drug, like the Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI-571, inhibited c-Myc protein induction by Bcr-Abl. Treatment of 32Dp210 Bcr-Abl cells with AG490 also inhibited c-MYC RNA expression. It is also known that c-Myc protein is a labile protein that is increased in amounts in response to various growth factors by a mechanism not involving new Myc protein formation. Treatment of 32Dp210 Bcr-Abl cells with both the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and AG490 blocked the reduction of the c-Myc protein observed by AG490 alone. An adaptor protein SH2-Bbeta is involved in the enhancement of the tyrosine kinase activity of Jak2 following ligand/receptor interaction. In this regard we showed that the Jak2/Bcr-Abl complex contains SH2-Bbeta. Expression of the SH2-Bbeta R555E mutant in 32Dp210 Bcr-Abl cells reduced c-Myc expression about 40% compared to a vector control. Interestingly, we found the reduction of the c-Myc protein in several clones of dominant-negative (DN) Jak2 expressing K562 cells correlated very well with the reduction of tumor growth of these cells in nude mice as compared to vector transfected K562 cells. Both STI-571 and AG490 also induced apoptosis in 32Dp210 cells. Of interest, IL-3 containing medium reversed the STI-571 induced apoptosis of 32Dp210 cells but did not reverse the induction of apoptosis by AG490, which strongly supports the specificity of the inhibitory effects of AG490 on the Jak2 tyrosine kinase. In summary, our findings indicate that Jak2 mediates the increase in c-Myc expression that is induced by Bcr-Abl. Our results indicate that activated Jak2 not only mediates an increase of c-MYC RNA expression but also interferes with proteasome-dependent degradation of c-Myc protein.
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PMID:Jak2 is involved in c-Myc induction by Bcr-Abl. 1237 Aug 3

c-Myc is a predominantly nuclear transcription factor that is a substrate for rapid turnover by the proteasome system. Cancer-related mutations in c-Myc lead to defects in its degradation and thereby contribute to the increase in its cellular level that is associated with the disease. Little is known about the mechanisms that target c-Myc to the proteasomes. By using a GFP fusion protein and live analysis we show that c-Myc shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm and thus it could be degraded in either compartment. Strikingly, at elevated levels of expression c-Myc accumulates at nucleoli in some cells, consistent with saturation of a nucleolus-associated degradation system in these cells. This idea is further supported by the observation that proteasome inhibitor treatment causes accumulation of c-Myc at the nucleoli of essentially all cells. Under these conditions c-Myc is relatively stably associated with the nucleolus, as would be expected if the nucleolus functions as a sequestration/degradation site for excess c-Myc. Furthermore, during elevated c-Myc expression or proteasome inhibition, nucleoli that are associated with c-Myc also accumulate proteasomes. c-Myc and proteasomes co-localise in intranucleolar regions distinct from the dense fibrillar component of the nucleolus. Based on these results we propose a model for c-Myc downregulation where c-Myc is sequestered at the nucleoli. Sequestration of c-Myc is accompanied by recruitment of proteasomes and may lead to subsequent degradation.
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PMID:Accumulation of c-Myc and proteasomes at the nucleoli of cells containing elevated c-Myc protein levels. 1266 52

The transcription regulatory oncoprotein c-Myc controls genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and oncogenesis. c-Myc is turned over very quickly through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. The proteins involved in this process are still unknown. We have found that Skp2 interacts with c-Myc and participates in its ubiquitylation and degradation. The interaction between Skp2 and c-Myc occurs during the G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle in normal lymphocytes. Surprisingly, Skp2 enhances c-Myc-induced S phase transition and activates c-Myc target genes in a Myc-dependent manner. Further, Myc-induced transcription was shown to be Skp2 dependent, suggesting interdependence between c-Myc and Skp2 in activation of transcription. Moreover, Myc-dependent association of Skp2, ubiquitylated proteins, and subunits of the proteasome to a c-Myc target promoter was demonstrated in vivo. The results suggest that Skp2 is a transcriptional cofactor for c-Myc and indicates a close relationship between transcription activation and transcription factor ubiquitination.
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PMID:The F-box protein Skp2 participates in c-Myc proteosomal degradation and acts as a cofactor for c-Myc-regulated transcription. 1276 44

The c-Myc oncoprotein is a transcription factor that controls genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis and oncogenesis. We and others recently showed that the F-box protein Skp2 interacts with c-Myc and participates in its ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Surprisingly, Skp2 was also found to act as a positive cofactor for c-Myc-regulated transcription. Further, Skp2, ubiquitylated proteins and subunits of the proteasome were demonstrated to be associated with a c-Myc target promoter in vivo. We show here that c-Myc interacts with Skp2 as part of the SCFSkp2 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Further, c-Myc interacts with the Sug1, an AAA ATPase subunit of the 19S regulatory particle of the proteasome. Inhibition of Sug1 expression by siRNA reduced transcription from a Myc target promoter to the same extent as c-Myc or Skp2 siRNA, implicating Sug1in this process. Taken together these findings suggest a role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in c-Myc-regulated transcription. A hypothetical model discussing the link between ubiquitylation and transcription will be presented.
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PMID:Implication of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in Myc-regulated transcription. 1296 25

Identification and characterization of multi-protein complexes is an important step toward an integrative view of protein-protein interaction networks that determine protein function and cell behavior. The limiting factor for identifying protein complexes is the method for their separation. Blue native PAGE (BN-PAGE) permits a high-resolution separation of multi-protein complexes under native conditions. To date, BN-PAGE has only been applicable to purified material. Here, we show that dialysis permits the analysis of multi-protein complexes of whole cellular lysates by BN-PAGE. We visualized different multi-protein complexes by immunoblotting including forms of the eukaryotic proteasome. Complex dynamics after gamma interferon stimulation of cells was studied, and an antibody shift assay was used to detect protein-protein interactions in BN-PAGE. Furthermore, we identified defined protein complexes of various proteins including the tumor suppressor p53 and c-Myc. Finally, we identified multi-protein complexes via mass spectrometry, showing that the method has a wide potential for functional proteomics.
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PMID:Two-dimensional Blue native/SDS gel electrophoresis of multi-protein complexes from whole cellular lysates: a proteomics approach. 1466 81


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