Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
 28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-seven patients were referred for evaluation of anal function; their clinical diagnoses were traumatic fecal incontinence (13), idiopathic (pudendal neuropathy) fecal incontinence (7), fecal soiling (9), and other (8). In all patients, anal endosonography (sphincter defects and internal sphincter thickness [IST]) and anal manometry (maximal basal pressure [MBP] and maximal squeeze pressure [MSP]) were performed. In 18 patients, neurophysiologic tests (EMG-maximal contraction pattern [MCP], single-fiber EMG [fiber density; FD], and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency [PNTML]) were also performed. Endosonography demonstrated in seven patients both an internal and external sphincter defect (Group 1), in seven patients an internal sphincter defect and in one patient an external sphincter defect (Group 2), and in 22 patients no sphincter defect (Group 3). There was a significant difference among these three groups for MBP and MCP, the lowest being in Group 1. Between the patients with traumatic fecal incontinence and idiopathic fecal incontinence, no differences in IST, MBP, MSP, MCP, FD, and PNTML were found. In two patients with a suspected obstetric trauma, there was an unexpected additional severe pudendal neuropathy. In one patient with a suspected obstetric trauma, no damage of the anal sphincters could be demonstrated. In one patient with suspected idiopathic fecal incontinence, there was an additional, unsuspected defect of the internal sphincter. There was concordance between endosonography and EMG in the mapping of the external sphincter. Clinical diagnoses can be misleading in differentiating between traumatic and idiopathic fecal incontinence; anal endosonography provides unsuspected and additional information about the sphincters; PNTML can reveal unsuspected neuropathy in traumatic fecal incontinence. Therefore, the combination of endosonography and PNTML is promising in selecting patients for surgery.
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PMID:Anal endosonography: relationship with anal manometry and neurophysiologic tests. 139 81

MCP serves to down-regulate the activation of complement on host tissue. It performs this function by serving as a cofactor for the factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b. MCP is most likely an intrinsic regulator, i.e., it primarily protects its home cell. The wide tissue distribution of MCP mirrors this critical function of host cell protection. With the exception of erythrocytes, every cell and tissue examined expresses this protein. MCP is represented as two broad heterogeneous bands on SDS-PAGE with M(r)s of 51,000-58,000 and 59,000-68,000. The quantity of each form expressed is inherited in an autosomal codominant fashion. In most cells and cell lines, four isoforms of MCP predominate and arise by alternative splicing of a single MCP gene. All forms possess four repeating modules of--60 aminoacids, an area enriched in serines, threonines, and prolines [(STP), probable site of O-linked glycosylation], a short area of unknown function, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. The isoforms differ, however, in the length and composition of the STP region and in the cytoplasmic tail. Alternative splicing of a single exon within the STP region determines the protein phenotype. Alternative splicing at the COOH_terminus gives rise to two distinct cytoplasmic tails. The biological significance of these structural variations in the STP and cytoplasmic tail regions is being investigated.
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PMID:Membrane cofactor protein. 142 76

This study carried out the regionalization of Sanitary Jurisdiction No. III seated in Cuautla, Morelos, consisting of 16 of a total of 33 municipalities in the state of Morelos. This regionalization was carried out through the delination of areas sharing similar socioeconomical and demographic characteristics (SED). Subsequently, the major health hazards and the intraregional distribution of human health resources (physicians and nurses) and infrastructure services (institutional health centers) were identified for each region. The aim of this work was to devise an instrument for a better understanding of and approach to health problems at a juridictional level and to pave the way for health planning that would be congruent with regional characteristics and needs. Health sector efforts would be directed towards the promotion of preventive health care with greater efficiency and equity. In order to regionalize the jurisdiction, 17 SED indicators were studied in each of the 16 municipalities. Analysis was performed using the Principal Components Method (MCP) and an epidemiologic score. As a result, the sanitary jurisdiction was divided into three regions: Region I, with the best SED conditions, Region II, with moderate SED conditions and Region III with the lowest SED conditions. The results of this study show that there is an inverse relationship between the intraregional distribution of health resources with respect to the delineated regions and the health resources with respect to the delineated regions and the health needs and problems found in each one. Region III showed the worst SED conditions and the highest incidence of disease. It proved to be the region which had the greatest lack of material and human health resources, the latter having the lowest technical training level in all of the jurisdiction. In contrast. Region I had the best SED conditions and the lowest incidence of disease. It also had the highest number of material and human health resources, the latter having a high level of preparation. This situation is opposite to the national health policies in regards to equity "...give more benefits to the more vulnerable groups..."
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PMID:[Regionalization in health: an instrument for jurisdictional planning]. 144 45

Recent studies have revealed that human trophoblast expresses three membrane-bound proteins which function specifically to regulate the activity of complement. These proteins are already known to be widely distributed in normal adult tissues where they protect host cells from damage resulting from the fortuitous deposition of activated complement components. Their activities are focused at two distinct steps in the complement pathway. Decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) and membrane co-factor protein (MCP, CD46) act at the level of the C3 convertase enzymes which activate C3 to C3b. A further protein, CD59, directly regulates the formation and function of the terminal cytolytic membrane attack complex (MAC) by specifically interacting with C8 and C9. These proteins appear to play an important role in the maintenance of normal human pregnancy. DAF, MCP and CD59 are all expressed where trophoblast surfaces are in contact with maternal blood and tissues and expression occurs from at least 6 weeks of gestation. The semi-allogeneic human conceptus therefore appears to be effectively protected from maternal complement-mediated damage arising either from alternative or classical pathway activation or in a bystander fashion following a response to microbial infection in the mother. Complement regulatory protein deficiency disorders with clinically demonstrable consequences especially in terms of haemolytic disease are known to exist and have proved valuable in establishing the biological role of these proteins in vivo. The demonstration of this new family of immunoregulatory proteins on trophoblast raises important questions about the potential involvement of these products in pregnancy pathologies.
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PMID:Complement and pregnancy: new insights into the immunobiology of the fetomaternal relationship. 144 17

During the course of the transformation of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP) into (R)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol [(R)-MCP] with the cell extract of Corynebacterium sp. strain N-1074, epichlorohydrin (ECH) was transiently formed. The cell extract was fractionated into two DCP-dechlorinating activities (fractions Ia and Ib) and two ECH-hydrolyzing activities (fractions IIa and IIb) by TSKgel DEAE-5PW column chromatography. Fractions Ia and Ib catalyzed the interconversion of DCP to ECH, and fractions IIa and IIb catalyzed the transformation of ECH into MCP. Fractions Ia and IIa showed only low enantioselectivity for each reaction, whereas fractions Ib and IIb exhibited considerable enantioselectivity, yielding R-rich ECH and MCP, respectively. Enzymes Ia and Ib were isolated from fractions Ia and Ib, respectively. Enzyme Ia had a molecular mass of about 108 kDa and consisted of four subunits identical in molecular mass (about 28 kDa). Enzyme Ib was a protein of 115 kDa, composed of two different polypeptides (about 35 and 32 kDa). The specific activity of enzyme Ib for DCP was about 30-fold higher than that of enzyme Ia. Both enzymes catalyzed the transformation of several halohydrins into the corresponding epoxides with liberation of halides and its reverse reaction. Their substrate specificities and immunological properties differed from each other. Enzyme Ia seemed to be halohydrin hydrogen-halide-lyase which was already purified from Escherichia coli carrying a gene from Corynebacterium sp. strain N-1074.
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PMID:Resolution and some properties of enzymes involved in enantioselective transformation of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol to (R)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol by Corynebacterium sp. strain N-1074. 144 32

Fifty-three persons occupied in a municipal waste incinerator were examined with respect to their internal exposure to organic substances which may be produced during pyrolysis of organic matter. For this purpose the levels of benzene in blood, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in plasma, and mono- (MCPs), di- (DCPs), tri- (TCPs), tetra- (TCEPs) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) and hydroxypyrene in urine were determined. For control purposes, 431 men and women were examined. Significantly higher values for the workers were found for the excretion of hydroxypyrene [median (m): 0.24 vs 0.11 microgram/l; non-smokers], 2,4/2,5-DCP (m: 10.5 vs 3.9 micrograms/l) and 2,4,5-TCP (m: 1.2 vs 0.8 micrograms/l) and for the HCB level in plasma (m: 4.4 vs 2.8 micrograms/l). For the concentrations of 4-MCP and 2,3,4,6/2,3,5,6-TECP, the controls had significantly higher concentrations in urine than did the workers in the incineration plant (m: 4-MCP 1.7 vs 1.2; 2,3,4,6/2,3,5,6-TECP: 1.2 vs 0.3 micrograms/l). No significant differences between workers and controls were detected with respect to benzene in blood (m: 0.20 vs 0.28 microgram/l; non-smokers), 2,4,6-TCP and PCPs in urine (m: 0.85 vs 0.60 and 2.2 vs 2.2 micrograms/l) or the levels of PCB congeners in plasma (m: sigma 138, 153, 180: 5.6 vs 4.1 micrograms/l). The elevated levels of hydroxypyrene, 2,4/2,5-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP and HCB in biological material may be related to the incineration of the waste. These elevations, however, are very small and are of interest more from the environmental than from the occupational point of view.
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PMID:Internal exposure to organic substances in a municipal waste incinerator. 146 96

Relative biological values (BV) of 36 feed phosphates were determined with female turkeys in bioassays of 21-day duration using three response criteria: weight gain, tibia ash percentage, and gain:feed ratio. Calcium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate (United States Pharmacopeia) was the reference standard. Nine mono-dicalcium phosphates (M-DCP, 21.0% phosphorus), 13 di-monocalcium phosphates (D-MCP, 18.5% phosphorus), and 14 defluorinated phosphates (DFP, 18.0% phosphorus) were evaluated. The average relative BV for M-DCP, D-MCP, and DFP samples were 97.6, 94.6, and 90.8%, respectively. Solubility of phosphates was determined by four recognized methods. The solvents were water, .4% HCl, 2.0% citric acid (CA), and neutral ammonium citrate (NAC). Water solubility of M-DCP samples was greater (67.5%) than that of D-MCP (38.8%) and DFP (8.9%) samples. Correlation of water solubility of phosphates to their relative BV was quite low, and water solubility was a poor indicator of BV. When .4% HCl was the solvent, correlation coefficients (r) were .55, .33, and .72 for M-DCP, D-MCP, and DFP, respectively. Based on these results and prediction equations, .4% HCl solubility would be inappropriate for estimating BV of M-DCP and D-MCP samples. Solubility of feed phosphates (mainly D-MCP and DFP) in 2.0% CA or NAC was positively correlated with BV; the r values were .87 to .95. Both of these solubility tests provided a good index of BV. However, it would seem inappropriate and risky to replace bioassays totally with these tests. Feed phosphate users could perform either the 2.0% CA or NAC solubility test easily as a screen for BV along with other quality control procedures (i.e., phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and fluoride determinations).
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PMID:Correlation of biological value of feed phosphates with their solubility in water, dilute hydrogen chloride, dilute citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate. 147 May 90

We have established an ELISA for determination of membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) both solubilized from cell membranes and released in body fluids. In this assay, mouse MoAbs against MCP, M177 and M160 whose epitopes were different, were used as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. The NP-40 concentration in samples for MCP to be measured must be less than 0.05%. The detection limit of this MCP assay was 0.5 ng. The assay was used to quantify solubilized membrane MCP, and soluble MCP in normal human plasma, serum, urine, saliva, tears, and seminal fluid, and culture media of tumour cell lines. Soluble MCP was barely detected in the conditioned media of the cell lines. The levels of sMCP in plasma and serum were 10-60 ng/ml and that in tears, 0-50 ng/ml. Seminal fluid contained about 10-fold more soluble MCP than serum. Soluble MCP was not detectable by this assay in the other body fluids, suggesting that their MCP levels were less than the detection limit, if any.
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PMID:Soluble forms of membrane cofactor protein (CD46, MCP) are present in plasma, tears, and seminal fluid in normal subjects. 151 64

Dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems are involved in regulation of prolactin (PRL) and TSH secretion. About 10% of patients presented because of an galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia (HP) have uncompensated primary hypothyroidism (PH). Two groups of patients were investigated using metoclopramide (MCP, DA antagonist, 10 mg i.v.), cyproheptadine (serotonin antagonist, 4 mg per os) and TRH tests. Group A consisted of 12 females with PH and hyperprolactinemia (HP). Group B presented 4 females with PH, HP and pituitary microadenoma on CT-scan. In control group of healthy euthyroid women basal PRL and TSH levels were in the normal range and statistically significant increase of both hormones was observed after MCP and TRH injections. Marked increase of basal TSH and PRL levels was found in both clinical groups. In contrast to control group no TSH reaction in MCP test was observed. PRL response to MCP was declined in group B versus group A. Cyproheptadine inhibited TSH secretion in patients with HP and PH, while this effect was absent in control group. TRH stimulated TSH and PRL response in group B was declined. Presented data shows that HP in PH may be due to the presence of subclinical microadenoma made manifest by hypothyroid state and/or due to disturbances in monamine control of PRL and TSH secretion.
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PMID:Monoamine regulation of prolactin and TSH secretion in hypothyroidism. 151 63

As has been stated, bacteria are able to sense a wide range of environmental stimuli through a variety of receptors and to integrate the different signals to produce a balanced response that maintains them or directs them to an optimum environment for growth. In addition, these simple, neuron-less organisms can adapt to the current concentration or strength of stimuli, i.e. they have a memory of the past. Although different species show responses to different chemicals or stimuli, depending on their niche, a consistent pattern is starting to emerge that links environmental sensing and transcriptional control to the chemosensing system, either directly, as in R. sphaeroides and the PTS system, or indirectly, as in the MCP-dependent system. This suggests a common evolutionary pathway from transcriptional activators to dedicated sensory systems. Currently the majority of detailed investigations into bacterial behavior have been carried out on single stimuli under laboratory conditions using well-fed cells. Only limited analysis, using a range of rhizosphere and pathogenic species, has been carried out on the role of behavioral responses in the wild. While laboratory studies are needed to provide the backbone for eventual in vivo investigations, we should remember the responses of whole cells to changes in their environment under laboratory conditions are essentially artificial compared to the natural environment of most species. Once the basic system is understood, it will be possible to investigate the role of these responses in vivo, under competitive, growth-limiting conditions with multiple gradients.
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PMID:Behavioral responses in bacteria. 156 88


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