Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
 28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The family of small heat shock proteins (sHsp) is composed of 10 members in mammals, four of which are found mutated in diseases associated with the accumulation of protein aggregates. Though many sHsp have demonstrated molecular chaperone activity in vitro in cell-free conditions, their activity in vivo in the normal cellular context remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of the sHsp, HspB8/Hsp22, to prevent protein aggregation in the cells using the polyglutamine protein Htt43Q as a model. In control conditions, Htt43Q accumulated in perinuclear inclusions composed of SDS-insoluble aggregates. Co-transfected with Htt43Q, HspB8 became occasionally trapped within the inclusions; however, in most cells, HspB8 blocked inclusion formation. Biochemical analyses indicated that HspB8 inhibited the accumulation of SDS-insoluble Htt43Q as efficiently as Hsp40 which was taken as a positive control. Htt43Q then accumulated in the SDS-soluble fraction, provided that protein degradation was blocked by proteasome and autophagy inhibitors. In contrast, the other sHsp Hsp27/HspB1 and alphaB-crystallin/HspB5 had no effect. This suggested that HspB8 functions as a molecular chaperone, maintaining Htt43Q in a soluble state competent for rapid degradation. Analyses of Hsp27-HspB8 chimeric proteins indicated that the C-terminal domain of HspB8 contains the specific sequence necessary for chaperone activity. Missense mutations in this domain at lysine 141, which are found in human motor neuropathies, significantly reduced the chaperone activity of the protein. A decrease in the HspB8 chaperone activity may therefore contribute to the development of these diseases.
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PMID:HspB8, a small heat shock protein mutated in human neuromuscular disorders, has in vivo chaperone activity in cultured cells. 1587 36

The occurrence of spheroids has been described in the globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) of aged rhesus monkeys. Opinions vary as to the origin of spheroids. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis suggested that spheroids originate from degenerating axons or astroglia. In the present study, we have investigated the GP and SNr of aged monkeys (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta). Although immunoreactive for microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1A, tau, amyloid precursor protein, synaptophysin and phosphorylated neurofilament, spheroids were not immunoreactive for MAP1B and MAP2. We confirmed the axonal nature of pallido-nigral spheroids in aged rhesus monkeys. Pallido-nigral spheroids have been reported to overexpress stress proteins, such as ubiquitin, alphaB-crystallin, and heat shock protein (Hsp) 27. We further evaluated the expression of Hsps in pallido-nigral spheroids. As well as being intensely immunoreactive for ubiquitin, alphaB-crystallin, Hsp27, and Hsp70, spheroids were immunoreactive for Hsp32 (heme oxygenase-1), Hsp40, Hsp60, and Hsp90. On the basis of these findings, we speculate that Hsp32-immunoreactive spheroids might be expressed as an oxidative stress response. Induction of other Hsps might play a role in protection of axons from the aggregation of neurofilament, MAPs and other proteins, and failure to protect degenerating axons might result in their proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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PMID:Overexpression of heat shock proteins in pallido-nigral axonal spheroids of nonhuman aged primates. 1597 Oct 56

Many viruses and bacteriophage utilize chaperone systems for DNA replication and viral morphogenesis. We have previously shown that in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected cell nucleus, foci enriched in the Hsp70/Hsp40 chaperone machinery are formed adjacent to viral replication compartments (A. D. Burch and S. K. Weller, J. Virol. 78:7175-7185, 2004). These foci have now been named virus-induced chaperone-enriched (VICE) foci. Since the Hsp90 chaperone machinery is known to engage the Hsp70/Hsp40 system in eukaryotes, the subcellular localization of Hsp90 in HSV-1-infected cells was analyzed. Hsp90 is found within viral replication compartments as well as in the Hsp70/Hsp40-enriched foci. Geldanamycin, an inhibitor of Hsp90, results in decreased HSV-1 yields and blocks viral DNA synthesis. Furthermore, we have found that the viral DNA polymerase is mislocalized to the cytoplasm in both infected and transfected cells in the presence of geldanamycin. Additionally, in the presence of an Hsp90 inhibitor, proteasome-dependent degradation of the viral polymerase was detected by Western blot analysis. These data identify the HSV-1 polymerase as a putative client protein of the Hsp90 chaperone system. Perturbations in this association appear to result in degradation, aberrant folding, and/or intracellular localization of the viral polymerase.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase requires the mammalian chaperone hsp90 for proper localization to the nucleus. 1605 66

We have previously shown that the proteasome activator PA28 is essential to Hsp90-dependent protein refolding in vitro, where PA28 mediates transfer of the Hsp90-bound substrate protein to the Hsc70/Hsp40 chaperone machine for its correct refolding. This observation suggests that PA28 may also collaborate with Hsp90 in cells. To examine this possibility, here we have used double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) against PA28 in Caenorhabditis elegans mutants of daf-21, which encodes Hsp90. We show that C. elegans PA28 facilitates Hsp90-initiated protein refolding, albeit with an activity lower than that of mouse PA28 proteins. RNAi-mediated knockdown of PA28 significantly suppresses the Daf-c (dauer formation constitutive) phenotype of the daf-21 mutant, but it has no affect on the distinct defects of this mutant in sensing odorants. Taking these results together, we conclude that PA28 is likely to function in collaboration with Hsp90 in vivo.
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PMID:The proteasome activator PA28 functions in collaboration with Hsp90 in vivo. 1665 Aug 28

Alpha-synuclein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Heat shock proteins (HSPs) can reduce protein misfolding and accelerate the degradation of misfolded proteins. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) is the compound responsible for the PD-like neurodegeneration caused by MPTP. In this study, we found that MPP+ could increase the expression of alpha-synuclein mRNA but could not elevate proteasome activity sufficiently, leading to alpha-synuclein protein accumulation followed by aggregation. Both HSPs and HDJ-1, a homologue of human Hsp40, can inhibit MPP+-induced alpha-synuclein mRNA expression, promote ubiquitination and elevate proteasome activity. These findings suggest that HSPs may inhibit the MPP+-induced alpha-synuclein expression, accelerate alpha-synuclein degradation, thereby reducing the amount of alpha-synuclein protein and accordingly preventing its aggregation.
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PMID:Heat shock proteins reduce alpha-synuclein aggregation induced by MPP+ in SK-N-SH cells. 1667 64

Abnormal accumulation of disease-causing protein is a commonly observed characteristic in chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases. A therapeutic approach that could selectively eliminate would be a promising remedy for neurodegenerative disorders. Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), one of the polyQ diseases, is a late-onset motor neuron disease characterized by proximal muscle atrophy, weakness, contraction fasciculations, and bulbar involvement. The pathogenic gene product is polyQ-expanded androgen receptor (AR), which belongs to the heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 client protein family. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), a novel Hsp90 inhibitor, is a new derivative of geldanamycin that shares its important biological activities but shows less toxicity. 17-AAG is now in phase II clinical trials as a potential anti-cancer agent because of its ability to selectively degrade several oncoproteins. We have recently demonstrated the efficacy and safety of 17-AAG in a mouse model of SBMA. The administration of 17-AAG significantly ameliorated polyQ-mediated motor neuron degeneration by reducing the total amount of mutant AR. 17-AAG accomplished the preferential reduction of mutant AR mainly through Hsp90 chaperone complex formation and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation. 17-AAG induced Hsp70 and Hsp40 in vivo as previously reported; however, its ability to induce HSPs was limited, suggesting that the HSP induction might support the degradation of mutant protein. The ability of 17-AAG to preferentially degrade mutant protein would be directly applicable to SBMA and other neurodegenerative diseases in which the disease-causing proteins also belong to the Hsp90 client protein family. Our proposed therapeutic approach, modulation of Hsp90 function by 17-AAG treatment, has emerged as a candidate for molecular-targeted therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. This review will consider our research findings and discuss the possibility of a clinical application of 17-AAG to SBMA and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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PMID:Modulation of Hsp90 function in neurodegenerative disorders: a molecular-targeted therapy against disease-causing protein. 1674 51

We recently reported that the transient expression of polyglutamine tracts of various size in exon 1 of the huntingtin polypeptide (httEx1) generated abnormally high levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species that directly contributed to cell death. Here, we compared the protection generated by heat shock proteins to that provided by the antioxidant agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine. In cells expressing httEx1 with 72 glutamine repeats (httEx1-72Q), the overexpression of Hsp27 or Hsp70 plus Hdj-1(Hsp40) or treatment of the cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibited not only mitochondrial membrane potential disruption but also the increase in reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and protein oxidation. However, only heat shock proteins and not N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduced the size of the inclusion bodies formed by httEx1-72Q. In cells expressing httEx1 polypeptide with 103 glutamine repeats (httEx1-103Q), heat shock proteins neither decreased oxidative damage nor reduced the size of the inclusions. In contrast, N-acetyl-L-cysteine still efficiently decreased the oxidative damage induced by httEx1-103Q polypeptide without altering the inclusions. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine was inactive with regard to proteasome inhibition, whereas heat shock proteins partially restored the caspase-like activity of this protease. These observations suggest some relationships between the presence of inclusion bodies and the oxidative damage induced by httEx1-polyQ.
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PMID:Analysis of oxidative events induced by expanded polyglutamine huntingtin exon 1 that are differentially restored by expression of heat shock proteins or treatment with an antioxidant. 1681 55

Hepatitis B virus X (HBX) protein is required for the productive infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo and implicated in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. We have previously shown that hTid-1 and Hdj1, the human Hsp40/DnaJ chaperone proteins, bind the HBV core protein and inhibit viral replication in cell culture system. Here, we report evidences to suggest that HBX is the major target of Hdj1 in the inhibition of HBV replication. Expression of Hdj1 in cultured human hepatoma HepG2 cells facilitated degradation of HBX by the proteasome pathway, and thereby inhibited replication of the wild-type HBV as well as that of the HBX-deficient mutant virus rescued by HBX supplied in trans. Mutational analyses indicated that J domain of Hdj1 is required for the process. These results might provide a molecular basis for the antiviral effect of cellular chaperones.
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PMID:Turnover of hepatitis B virus X protein is facilitated by Hdj1, a human Hsp40/DnaJ protein. 1684 47

We studied the ability of heat shock, DnaJ-like-1 (HSJ1) proteins (which contain DnaJ and ubiquitin-interacting motifs) to reduce polyglutamine-mediated inclusion formation. The experiments demonstrated that expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), hsp40, HSJ1a, and HSJ1b significantly reduced protein inclusion formation in a model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). HSJ1a also mediated a significant decrease in the number of inclusions formed in a primary neuronal model of protein aggregation. Studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these reductions showed that hsp70 and hsp40 increased chaperone-mediated refolding. In contrast, expression of HSJ1 proteins did not promote chaperone activity but caused an increase in ubiquitylation. Furthermore, HSJ1a was associated with a ubiquitylated luciferase complex, and in the presence of HSJ1a but not an HSJ1a UIM mutant (HSJ1a-deltaUIM) there was a reduction in luciferase protein levels. Together these results show that HSJ1 proteins mediated an increase in target protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). We also found that the expression of HSJ1a significantly decreased the number of neurons containing inclusions in an in vivo model of polyglutamine disease. These findings indicate that targeted modification of the UPS to facilitate degradation of misfolded proteins may represent a highly effective therapeutic avenue for the treatment of polyglutamine disease.
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PMID:Hsp40 molecules that target to the ubiquitin-proteasome system decrease inclusion formation in models of polyglutamine disease. 1742 12

Components of the Hsp70 chaperone machine have been implied in protection against polyglutamine (poly-Q) pathologies. Yet, little is known about specific mechanisms and the rate-limiting components that account for this protective effect. Here, we examined the effects of an Hsp70 chaperone family member (HspA1A) and its cofactors Hsp40 (DnaJB1), Bag-1 and CHIP on poly-Q protein inclusion formation and SDS-insolubilization. Overexpression of HspA1A alone did not suppress inclusion formation, while overexpression of DnaJB1 reduced poly-Q inclusion formation and insolubilization. The reducing effect of DnaJB1 on inclusion formation was enhanced by coexpressing HspA1A, and was dependent on the interaction of DnaJB1 with Hsp70/Hsc70 chaperones. Additionally, two factors connecting Hsp70 activity with protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system Bag-1 and CHIP slightly decreased the levels of soluble poly-Q protein, but the amount of aggregated protein and fraction of cells with inclusions remained unaltered. Our data suggest that the HspA1A chaperone machine can modulate poly-Q inclusion formation depending on the ratio of its components and that DnaJB1 is the rate-limiting step.
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PMID:Modulation of polyglutamine inclusion formation by the Hsp70 chaperone machine. 1782 98


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