Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

CR1, CR2, DAF, MCP, factor H, C4bp, factor B, and C3 are members of a family of structurally related molecules, the majority of which belong to the complement system. Several of these molecules also share functional features such as cofactor and decay/dissociation activity and compete with one another in binding to C3b. Since factor H appears to bind to multiple sites in C3, we investigated the relationship between the factor H- and CR1-binding sites in C3b. Factor H binding to C3b is inhibited by either the C3c or C3d fragments, and addition of both fragments together augments this inhibition. One monoclonal anti-C3c antibody, anti-C3-9, which recognizes a neoantigenic epitope expressed upon cleavage to C3 to C3b, inhibited both factor H and CR1 binding to EC3b cells. This monoclonal antibody (MoAb) also inhibited factor B binding to EC3b. Two observations further supported our hypothesis that these molecules bind to proximal sites in C3b. First, a synthetic peptide spanning this region of C3b (C3(727-768)) inhibited factor H binding. Second, antibodies raised against this peptide inhibited binding to CR1, factor H, and factor B to C3b. These data show that H binds to at least two sites in C3b: the site in the C3c fragment is within the identified CR1-binding domain while the site in the C3d fragment surrounds the CR2-binding site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Segment spanning residues 727-768 of the complement C3 sequence contains a neoantigenic site and accommodates the binding of CR1, factor H, and factor B. 137 Oct 73

MCP serves to down-regulate the activation of complement on host tissue. It performs this function by serving as a cofactor for the factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b. MCP is most likely an intrinsic regulator, i.e., it primarily protects its home cell. The wide tissue distribution of MCP mirrors this critical function of host cell protection. With the exception of erythrocytes, every cell and tissue examined expresses this protein. MCP is represented as two broad heterogeneous bands on SDS-PAGE with M(r)s of 51,000-58,000 and 59,000-68,000. The quantity of each form expressed is inherited in an autosomal codominant fashion. In most cells and cell lines, four isoforms of MCP predominate and arise by alternative splicing of a single MCP gene. All forms possess four repeating modules of--60 aminoacids, an area enriched in serines, threonines, and prolines [(STP), probable site of O-linked glycosylation], a short area of unknown function, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. The isoforms differ, however, in the length and composition of the STP region and in the cytoplasmic tail. Alternative splicing of a single exon within the STP region determines the protein phenotype. Alternative splicing at the COOH_terminus gives rise to two distinct cytoplasmic tails. The biological significance of these structural variations in the STP and cytoplasmic tail regions is being investigated.
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PMID:Membrane cofactor protein. 142 76

Human granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leucocytes, PMN) possess a membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46), which is structurally and functionally distinct from the MCPs of other cell types: it shows a single broad band of 56-80 kDa (without the doublet pattern characteristic of MCP) on SDS/PAGE and has less affinity for complement component C3b. We purified PMN MCP using monoclonal antibodies in order to study the molecular differences between it and other MCPs. Several forms of PMN MCP with size heterogeneity were noted on SDS/PAGE and by immunoblotting. O-Glycanase treatment decreased this heterogeneity, yielding a fast-migrating component identical in position on SDS/PAGE to the O-glycanase-treated MCP of other cells. The cell-specific variation of MCP, therefore, arises from post-translational glycosylation and not from a difference in primary structure. The Factor I cofactor activity of PMN MCP was more efficient in cleaving the methylamine-treated complement components C4/C3 than was MCP from other cells, which shared a similar potency of cofactor activity on a weight basis. Two types of small-form PMN MCP were identified during purification. These were 42 kDa and 30 kDa in size; the former was recognized by M177 (a monoclonal antibody against the active site marker), possessed N-linked sugars [located on the short consensus repeats (SCRs)] but not O-linked ones (on the Ser/Thr-rich region), and retained cofactor activity for C3b/C4b cleavage, similar in potency to that of other MCPs. The functionally active soluble form of MCP was observed specifically in PMN. Protease inhibitors did not inhibit liberation of the fragments, although the generated fragments became susceptible to serine proteases. The findings show that the SCRs are the functional domain of MCP and that the MCP proteolysis found only in PMN may modulate the properties of PMN MCP. In conclusion, the structural features of PMN MCP largely reflect a variability in the O-linked sugars, and the decreased affinity for C3b may be in part attributable to proteolysis.
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PMID:Polymorphism and proteolytic fragments of granulocyte membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) of complement. 173 95

The human regulators of complement activation gene cluster (RCA cluster) have been partially characterized with yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). While the data confirm many points previously elucidated, the finer resolution of YAC mapping has allowed the discovery and/or localization of partial gene duplications, the determination of gene orientations, and the measurement of gaps between known genes. Here nine overlapping YACs that encompass a genomic region of 800 kb, encoding four RCA genes and three gene-like elements, are described. The encoded genes and two of the gene-like elements share the same orientation and are ordered (5' to 3') DAF, CR2, CR1, MCP-like, CR1-like, and MCP. A C4bp-like region lies upstream from DAF and is likely to correspond to one recently observed by F. Pardo-Manuel, J. Rey-Campos, A. Hillarp, B. Dahlback, and S. Rodriguez de Cordoba (1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 4529-4533). MCP-like, a new genetic element, was discovered and found to be homologous to the 5' portion of the MCP gene. Two large gaps of 85 kb (between CR2 and DAF) and 110 kb (between DAF and the C4bp-like element) could carry additional RCA genes. The arrangement of CR1, MCP-like, CR1-like, and MCP, in that order, strongly suggests that this region was generated by a single duplication of neighboring CR1/CR1-like and MCP/MCP-like forerunners. The RCA YACs will now serve as convenient DNA sources for the subcloning and further characterization of this region.
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PMID:Analysis of the human regulators of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster with yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). 174 Mar 38

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) is a widely distributed C3b/C4b-binding cell surface glycoprotein which serves as an inhibitor of complement activation on host cells. The protein has been purified, multiple cDNAs cloned and sequenced, and the genomic organization determined. MCP belongs to a family known as the regulators of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster. The RCA members are related structurally [possess approximately 60 amino acid repeating motifs termed short consensus repeats (SCR)], functionally (bind C3b/C4b), and genetically (genes are tightly clustered on chromosome 1 at q3.2). Beginning at its amino-terminus, MCP is composed of four SCRs, a ser/thr/pro-enriched region, an area of undefined function, a transmembrane hydrophobic domain, a cytoplasmic anchor and cytoplasmic tail. On SDS-PAGE, MCP migrates as two broad forms with Mrs of 59,000-68,000 and 51,000-58,000. The quantity of each form expressed is inherited in an autosomal codominant fashion. This structural heterogeneity is partly explained by the expression of multiple cDNA/protein isoforms that arise by alternative splicing of ser/thr/pro-rich exons (sites of heavy O-glycosylation) and of cytoplasmic tails. This protein is of interest to immunologists and clinicians because of its role in regulation of the complement pathways and, therefore, inflammation in immune complex-mediated syndromes; to reproductive immunologists on account of its expression on sperm and at the maternal-fetal interface; and to tumor immunologists because of its high expression on malignant cells. The availability of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and molecular probes will be helpful in addressing questions about the biology of MCP in these and other areas.
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PMID:Membrane cofactor protein (MCP or CD46): newest member of the regulators of complement activation gene cluster. 191 Jun 85

MCP is a widely distributed regulatory glycoprotein of the complement system which binds C3b and C4b and has factor I-dependent co-factor activity. Monoclonal antibodies raised to lymphocytes (E4.3), chorionic microvilli (GB24) and an embryonal carcinoma cell line (TRA-2-10) recognize MCP (CD46). GB24 inhibited both the binding of MCP to its ligand iC3 and co-factor activity; E4.3 and TRA-2-10 did not. The binding of GB24 to cells bearing MCP was not cross-inhibited by E4.3 or TRA-2.10, but TRA-2-10 blocked binding and displaced pre-bound E4.3. Using these antibodies, we developed a radioassay for quantifying the number of MCP molecules/cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) had about 10,000 MCP cell; platelets had about 600/cell, and no MCP was found on erythrocytes. Neoplastic hematopoietic cell lines, of myelocytic and T lymphocytic origin, had several-fold more (20-60,000) molecules cell than peripheral blood cells or B cell lines (about 12,000). Malignant epithelial cell lines. HeLa (about 100,000/cell) and HEp-2 (about 250,000 cell) had the highest MCP expression of any cells examined. These monoclonal antibodies--especially GB24, which blocks MCP function--and the direct binding assay will facilitate the further analysis of the biology of this complement regulatory protein.
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PMID:Characterization of three monoclonal antibodies to membrane co-factor protein (MCP) of the complement system and quantification of MCP by radioassay. 199 59

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP or gp45-70) of the complement system is a cofactor for factor I-mediated cleavage of fluid-phase C3b and C3b-like C3, which opens the thioester bond. In the present study the activity of MCP was further characterized. Unexpectedly, in the absence of factor I, MCP stabilized the alternative- and, to a lesser extent, the classical-pathway cell-bound C3 convertases and thereby enhanced C3b deposition. Soluble MCP, if added exogenously, hardly functioned as cofactor for the cleavage of erythrocyte-bound C3b to iC3b; i.e. its activity, compared with the cofactor activity of factor H, was inefficient, since less than 10% of the bound C3b was MCP-sensitive. Further, exogenously added soluble MCP was also a weak cofactor for the cleavage of C3b bound to zymosan. Likewise, factor I, in the presence of cells bearing MCP, cleaved fluid-phase C3b inefficiently. These results imply that MCP has very little extrinsic cofactor activity for factor I. In contrast, exogenously added MCP and factor I mediated efficient cleavage of erythrocyte-bound C3b if the concentration of Nonidet P40 was sufficient to solubilize the cells. Interestingly, soluble MCP and factor I degraded C3b attached to certain solubilized acceptor membrane molecules more readily than others. The cleavage reaction of fluid-phase and cell-bound C3b by soluble MCP and factor I produced iC3b, but no C3c and C3dg. These and prior data indicate that soluble MCP has potent cofactor activity for fluid-phase C3b or C3b bound to solubilized molecules, but acts inefficiently towards C3b on other cells. This functional profile is unique for a C3b/C4b binding protein and, taken together with its wide tissue distribution, suggests an important role for MCP in the regulation of the complement system.
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PMID:Functional properties of membrane cofactor protein of complement. 248 48

The classical and alternative pathway of complement activation are regulated by a series of fluid phase and cell-bound factors, some of which at the same time serve as receptors for fragments of C3 and C4. These molecules are factor H, CR1 (C3b/C4b receptor), CR2 (C3d/EBV receptor), C4BP (C4b binding protein), DAF (decay accelerating factor), MCP (membrane cofactor protein; earlier designated p45/70), CR3 (iC3b receptor or Mac-1) and CR4 (protein 150/95). Due to structural, genetic and functional features these factors are members of one or several newly recognized large families of proteins: (1) molecules with 60 amino acids long repeats (H, CR1, CR2, C4BP, DAF); (2) proteins with 1,2-diacylglycerol membrane anchoring (DAF); (3) proteins with a heterodimer structure and preference for ligands containing the tripeptide arginine-glycine-asparagine (CR3, CR4). Recognizing the above mentioned regulators and receptors of the complement system as belonging to these protein families opens new perspectives for further genetic and functional research of mutual interest to complement and noncomplement scientists.
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PMID:Structural and functional relationships among receptors and regulators of the complement system. 297 57

Recent studies have suggested that the complement (C) system is involved in the development of tissue injury of myocardial infarction. As it is not known why the strictly controlled C system starts to react against autologous heart tissue, we have analyzed the expression of various membrane regulators of C (CR1, DAF, MCP, CD59, C8 binding protein) and the pattern of deposition of C components and plasma C regulators (C4b binding protein and vitronectin) in normal (n = 7) and infarcted (n = 13) human myocardium. In the infarcted myocardium deposits of the C membrane attack complex (MAC) were observed by immunofluorescence microscopy, and lesions resembling the transmembrane channels of MAC were detected by transmission electron microscopy. CD59 and C8 binding protein were strongly expressed by muscle cells of normal myocardial tissue. Little or no CR1, MCP, and DAF was observed on these cells. The assembly of MAC was accompanied by the deposition of vitronectin (S-protein) and C4b binding protein in the infarcted areas of myocardium. In accordance with our earlier results the expression of CD59 but not of C8 binding protein was clearly diminished in the lesions. The results show that C8 binding protein, vitronectin, and C4b binding protein do not prevent complement attack against the infarcted myocardium but rather become codeposited with the MAC. Ischemia-induced transformation of nonviable cells into complement activators, acquired loss of resistance to the MAC by shedding of CD59, and recruitment of multifunctional serum proteins by MAC could thus constitute a general process aimed at the clearance of injured tissue.
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PMID:Regulation of complement membrane attack complex formation in myocardial infarction. 768 45

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) is a widely expressed C regulatory protein that inhibits C activation on self-tissue. MCP binds C3b and C4b deposited on autologous cells and then serves as a cofactor for their inactivation by limited proteolytic cleavage. To characterize the DNA sequence elements responsible for controlling MCP expression, the 5' flanking region of the human MCP gene was cloned. Sequencing of 1350 nucleotides upstream from the ATG codon revealed a GC-rich region in the initial 500 nucleotides that is especially rich in the CpG dinucleotide. A CAAT box in reverse orientation, surrounded by four putative SP1 binding sites but lacking a typical TATA element, was within the first 200 nucleotides of this GC-rich region. The major transcriptional initiation site for HeLa cells, determined by primer extension and S1 nuclease protection analyses, was located 105 nucleotides from the translational start site. This overall orientation of the promoter region is characteristic of "housekeeping" genes. The MCP promoter region was further examined in HEp-2 cells by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene assay, using various constructs derived from the 5' region of the MCP gene. The MCP promoter activity was confined to the GC-rich region from -624 to +96 (start site of transcription being +1). Inclusion of an AT-rich sequence from -624 to -1204 resulted in a 42% reduction in CAT activity suggesting that an inhibitor is present among the AT-rich sequences. The 5' flanking region of a highly homologous partial duplication of the MCP gene was also cloned and sequenced, and various constructs were assessed in the CAT reporter system. Many of the functionally relevant sequences seen in MCP are also found in the MCP-like 5' UT region, which is 85% homologous to MCP. The most striking difference was a 224 nucleotide deletion that was upstream from the corresponding MCP region harboring most of the promoter activity. Although expression of an MCP-like protein has not been reported, the MCP-like promoter region produced promoter activity comparable with that of MCP. These results serve as a basis for subsequent analyses of the expression of MCP in various cells and tissues and for understanding the mechanism of its modulation in inflammatory conditions. Also, through a comparison of the 5' region of MCP with other genes in the regulators of C activation gene cluster (at 1 q32), we propose a model for the evolution of the promoters in this tight linkage group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Characterization of the promoter region of the membrane cofactor protein (CD46) gene of the human complement system and comparison to a membrane cofactor protein-like genetic element. 769 39


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