Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
 28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The c-myb proto-oncogene product (c-Myb) regulates both the proliferation and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells by inducing the transcription of a group of target genes. However, the biologically relevant molecular mechanisms that regulate c-Myb activity remain unclear. Here we report that c-Myb protein is phosphorylated and degraded by Wnt-1 signal via the pathway involving TAK1 (TGF-beta-activated kinase), HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2), and NLK (Nemo-like kinase). Wnt-1 signal causes the nuclear entry of TAK1, which then activates HIPK2 and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-like kinase NLK. NLK binds directly to c-Myb together with HIPK2, which results in the phosphorylation of c-Myb at multiple sites, followed by its ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Furthermore, overexpression of NLK in M1 cells abrogates the ability of c-Myb to maintain the undifferentiated state of these cells. The down-regulation of Myb by Wnt-1 signal may play an important role in a variety of developmental steps.
 ...
PMID:Wnt-1 signal induces phosphorylation and degradation of c-Myb protein via TAK1, HIPK2, and NLK. 1508 31

Recently we have shown that the c-myb proto-oncogene product (c-Myb) is degraded in response to Wnt-1 signaling via the pathway involving TAK1 (transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase), HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2), and NLK (Nemo-like kinase). NLK and HIPK2 bind directly to c-Myb, which results in the phosphorylation of c-Myb at multiple sites, followed by its ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. The v-myb gene carried by avian myeloblastosis virus has a transforming capacity, but the c-myb proto-oncogene does not. Here, we report that two characteristics of v-Myb make it relatively resistant to Wnt-1-induced protein degradation. First, HIPK2 binds with a lower affinity to the DNA-binding domain of v-Myb than to that of c-Myb. The mutations of three hydrophobic amino acids on the surface of the DNA-binding domain in v-Myb decrease the affinity to HIPK2. Second, a loss of multiple NLK phosphorylation sites by truncation of the C-terminal region of c-Myb increases its stability. Among 15 putative NLK phosphorylation sites in mouse c-Myb, the phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal region are more critical than other sites for Wnt-1-induced protein degradation. The relative resistance of v-Myb to Wnt-1-induced degradation may explain, at least in part, the differential transforming capacity of v-Myb versus c-Myb.
 ...
PMID:Differential sensitivity of v-Myb and c-Myb to Wnt-1-induced protein degradation. 1530 26

The c-myb proto-oncogene product (c-Myb) regulates proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Recently we have shown that c-Myb is degraded in response to Wnt-1 stimulation via a pathway involving TAK1 (TGF-beta-activated kinase), HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2), and NLK (Nemo-like kinase). NLK and HIPK2 bind directly to c-Myb and phosphorylate c-Myb at multiple sites, inducing its ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. The mammalian myb gene family contains two members in addition to c-myb, A-myb, and B-myb. Here, we report that the Wnt-NLK pathway also inhibits A-Myb activity, but by a different mechanism. As in the case of c-Myb, both NLK and HIPK2 bound directly to A-Myb and inhibited its activity. NLK phosphorylated A-Myb, but did not induce A-Myb degradation. Overexpression of NLK inhibited the association between A-Myb and the coactivator CBP, thus, blocking A-Myb-induced trans-activation. The kinase activity of NLK is required for the efficient inhibition of the association between A-Myb and CBP, although the kinase-negative form of NLK also partly inhibits the interaction between A-Myb and CBP. Furthermore, NLK induced the methylation of histone H3 at lysine-9 at A-Myb-bound promoter regions. Thus, the Wnt-NLK pathway inhibits the activity of each Myb family member by different mechanisms.
 ...
PMID:The Wnt-NLK signaling pathway inhibits A-Myb activity by inhibiting the association with coactivator CBP and methylating histone H3. 1605

Genetic knock out of the transcriptional co-repressor carboxyl-terminal-binding protein (CtBP) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in up-regulation of several genes involved in apoptosis. We predicted, therefore, that a propensity toward apoptosis might be regulated through changes in cellular CtBP levels. Previously, we have identified the homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 as such a regulator and demonstrated that HIPK2 activation causes Ser-422 phosphorylation and degradation of CtBP. In this study, we found that c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 activation triggered CtBP phosphorylation on Ser-422 and subsequent degradation, inducing p53-independent apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. JNK1 has previously been linked to UV-directed apoptosis. Expression of MKK7-JNK1 or exposure to UV irradiation reduced cellular levels of CtBP via a proteasome-mediated pathway. This effect was prevented by JNK1 deficiency. In addition, sustained activation of the JNK1 pathway by cisplatin similarly triggered CtBP degradation. These findings provide a novel target for chemotherapy in cancers lacking p53.
 ...
PMID:c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase promotes apoptosis by down-regulating the transcriptional co-repressor CtBP. 1698 92

The c-myb proto-oncogene product (c-Myb) is degraded in response to Wnt-1 signaling via a pathway involving TAK1 (transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1), HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2), and NLK (Nemo-like kinase). NLK directly binds to c-Myb, which results in the phosphorylation of c-Myb at multiple sites, and induces its ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Here, we report that Fbxw7, the F-box protein of an SCF complex, targets c-Myb for degradation in a Wnt-1- and NLK-dependent manner. Fbxw7alpha directly binds to c-Myb via its C-terminal WD40 domain and induces the ubiquitination of c-Myb in the presence of NLK in vivo and in vitro. The c-Myb phosphorylation site mutant failed to interact with Fbxw7alpha, suggesting that the c-Myb/Fbxw7alpha interaction is enhanced by NLK phosphorylation of c-Myb. Treatment of M1 cells with Fbxw7 small interfering RNA (siRNA) rescued the Wnt-induced c-Myb degradation and also the Wnt-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. NLK bound to Cul1, a component of the SCF complex, while HIPK2 interacted with both Fbxw7alpha and Cul1, suggesting that both kinases enhance the c-Myb/SCF interaction. In contrast to c-Myb, the v-myb gene product (v-Myb) encoded by the avian myeloblastosis virus was resistant to NLK/Fbxw7alpha-induced degradation. Thus, Fbxw7 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of c-Myb, and the increased c-Myb levels may contribute, at least partly, to transformation induced by mutation of Fbxw7.
 ...
PMID:Fbxw7 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets c-Myb for nemo-like kinase (NLK)-induced degradation. 1876 72

PML, a nuclear protein, interacts with several transcription factors and their coactivators, such as HIPK2 and p300, resulting in the activation of transcription. Although PML is thought to achieve transcription activation by stabilizing the transcription factor complex, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. To clarify the role of PML in transcription regulation, we purified the PML complex and identified Fbxo3 (Fbx3), Skp1, and Cullin1 as novel components of this complex. Fbx3 formed SCF(Fbx3) ubiquitin ligase and promoted the degradation of HIPK2 and p300 by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. PML inhibited this degradation through a mechanism that unexpectedly did not involve inhibition of the ubiquitination of HIPK2. PML, Fbx3, and HIPK2 synergistically activated p53-induced transcription. Our findings suggest that PML stabilizes the transcription factor complex by protecting HIPK2 and p300 from SCF(Fbx3)-induced degradation until transcription is completed. In contrast, the leukemia-associated fusion PML-RARalpha induced the degradation of HIPK2. We discuss the roles of PML and PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha, as well as those of HIPK2 and p300 ubiquitination, in transcriptional regulation and leukemogenesis.
 ...
PMID:PML activates transcription by protecting HIPK2 and p300 from SCFFbx3-mediated degradation. 1880 79

HIPK2 activates the apoptotic arm of the DNA damage response by phosphorylating tumor suppressor p53 at serine 46. Unstressed cells keep HIPK2 levels low through targeted polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Here we identify the LIM domain protein Zyxin as a novel regulator of the HIPK2-p53 signaling axis in response to DNA damage. Remarkably, depletion of endogenous Zyxin, which colocalizes with HIPK2 at the cytoskeleton and in the cell nucleus, stimulates proteasome-dependent HIPK2 degradation. In contrast, ectopic expression of Zyxin stabilizes HIPK2, even upon enforced expression of its ubiquitin ligase Siah-1. Consistently, Zyxin physically interacts with Siah-1, and knock-down of Siah-1 rescues HIPK2 expression in Zyxin-depleted cancer cells. Mechanistically, our data suggest that Zyxin regulates Siah-1 activity through interference with Siah-1 dimerization. Furthermore, we show that endogenous Zyxin coaccumulates with HIPK2 in response to DNA damage in cancer cells, and that depletion of endogenous Zyxin results in reduced HIPK2 protein levels and compromises DNA damage-induced p53 Ser46 phosphorylation and caspase activation. These findings suggest an unforeseen role for Zyxin in DNA damage-induced cell fate control through modulating the HIPK2-p53 signaling axis.
 ...
PMID:Zyxin is a critical regulator of the apoptotic HIPK2-p53 signaling axis. 2124 71

Posttranslational modification of proteins by lysine acetylation regulates many biological processes ranging from signal transduction to chromatin compaction. Here we identify the acetyl-transferases CBP/p300, Tip60 and PCAF as new substrates for the ubiquitin E3 ligases SIAH1 and SIAH2. While CBP/p300 can undergo ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation by SIAH1 and SIAH2, the two other acetyl-transferases are exclusively degraded by SIAH2. Accordingly, SIAH-deficient cells show enhanced protein acetylation, thus revealing SIAH proteins as indirect regulators of the cellular acetylation status. Functional experiments show that Tip60/PCAF-mediated acetylation of the tumor suppressor p53 is antagonized by the p53 target gene SIAH2 which mediates ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of both acetyl-transferases and consequently diminishes p53 acetylation and transcriptional activity. The p53 kinase HIPK2 mediates hierarchical phosphorylation of SIAH2 at 5 sites, which further boosts its activity as a ubiquitin E3 ligase for several substrates and therefore dampens the late p53 response.
 ...
PMID:SIAH-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of acetyl-transferases regulate the p53 response and protein acetylation. 2304 42

CtBP2 has been demonstrated to possess tumor-promoting capacities by virtue of up-regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and down-regulating apoptosis in cancer cells. As a result, cellular CtBP2 levels are considered a key factor determining the outcome of oncogenic transformation. How pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic factors compete for fine-tuning CtBP2 levels is incompletely understood. Here we report that the cyclin H/cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CCNH/CDK7) complex interacted with CtBP2 in vivo and in vitro. Depletion of either CCNH or CDK7 decreased CtBP2 protein levels by accelerating proteasome-dependent CtBP2 clearance. Further analysis revealed that CCNH/CDK7 competed with the tumor repressor HIPK2 for CtBP2 binding and consequently inhibited phosphorylation and dimerization of CtBP2. Phosphorylation-defective CtBP2 interacted more strongly with CCNH/CDK7 and was more resistant to degradation. Finally, overexpression of CtBP2 increased whereas depletion of CtBP2 dampened the invasive and migratory potential of breast cancer cells. CtBP2 promoted the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells in a CCNH-dependent manner. Taken together, our data have delineated a novel pathway that regulates CtBP2 stability, suggesting that targeting the CCNH/CDK7-CtBP2 axis may yield a viable anti-tumor strategy.
 ...
PMID:Interaction with cyclin H/cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CCNH/CDK7) stabilizes C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) and promotes cancer cell migration. 2339 40