Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

SKN-1 in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans is functionally orthologous to mammalian NRF2 [NF-E2 (nuclear factor-E2)-related factor 2], a protein regulating response to oxidative stress. We have examined both the expression and activity of SKN-1 in response to a variety of oxidative stressors and to down-regulation of specific gene targets by RNAi (RNA interference). We used an SKN-1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) translational fusion to record changes in both skn-1 expression and SKN-1 nuclear localization, and a gst-4-GFP transcriptional fusion to measure SKN-1 transcriptional activity. GST-4 (glutathione transferase-4) is involved in the Phase II oxidative stress response and its expression is lost in an skn-1(zu67) mutant. In the present study, we show that the regulation of skn-1 is tied to the protein-degradation machinery of the cell. RNAi-targeted removal of most proteasome subunits in C. elegans caused nuclear localization of SKN-1 and, in some cases, induced transcription of gst-4. Most intriguingly, RNAi knockdown of proteasome core subunits caused nuclear localization of SKN-1 and induced gst-4, whereas RNAi knockdown of proteasome regulatory subunits resulted in nuclear localization of SKN-1 but did not induce gst-4. RNAi knockdown of ubiquitin-specific hydrolases and chaperonin components also caused nuclear localization of SKN-1 and, in some cases, also induced gst-4 transcription. skn-1 activation by proteasome dysfunction could be occurring by one or several mechanisms: (i) the reduced processivity of dysfunctional proteasomes may allow oxidatively damaged by-products to build up, which, in turn, activate the skn-1 stress response; (ii) dysfunctional proteasomes may activate the skn-1 stress response by blocking the constitutive turnover of SKN-1; and (iii) dysfunctional proteasomes may activate an unidentified signalling pathway that feeds back to control the skn-1 stress response.
...
PMID:Proteasomal dysfunction activates the transcription factor SKN-1 and produces a selective oxidative-stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans. 1771 76

The E6 proteins of high-risk genital human papillomaviruses (HPV), such as HPV types 16 and 18, possess a conserved C-terminal PDZ-binding motif, which mediates interaction with some cellular PDZ domain proteins. The binding of E6 usually results in their ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The ability of E6 to bind to PDZ domain proteins correlates with the oncogenic potential. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, GST pull-down experiments and coimmunoprecipitations, we identified the protein tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTPH1/PTPN3) as a novel target of the PDZ-binding motif of E6 of HPV16 and 18. PTPH1 has been suggested to function as tumour suppressor protein, since mutational analysis revealed somatic mutations in PTPH1 in a minor fraction of various human tumours. We show here that HPV16 E6 accelerated the proteasome-mediated degradation of PTPH1, which required the binding of E6 to the cellular ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and to PTPH1. The endogenous levels of PTPH1 were particularly low in HPV-positive cervical carcinoma cell lines. The reintroduction of the E2 protein into the HPV16-positive cervical carcinoma cell line SiHa, known to lead to a sharp repression of E6 expression and to induce growth suppression, resulted in an increase of the amount of PTPH1. Our data suggest that reducing the level of PTPH1 may contribute to the oncogenic activity of high-risk genital E6 proteins.
...
PMID:Protein tyrosine phosphatase H1 is a target of the E6 oncoprotein of high-risk genital human papillomaviruses. 1794 17

The coevolution of ticks and the pathogens that they transmit has ensured their mutual survival. In these studies, we used a functional genomics approach to characterize tick genes regulated in response to Anaplasma marginale infection. Differentially regulated genes/proteins were identified by suppression-subtractive hybridization and differential in-gel electrophoresis analyses of cultured IDE8 tick cells infected with A. marginale. Nine of 17 of these genes were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR to be differentially regulated in ticks and/or IDE8 tick cells in response to A. marginale infection. RNA interference was used for functional studies. Six genes, which encode putative selenoprotein W2a, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells protein-like, proteasome 26S subunit, ferritin, GST, and subolesin control, were found to affect A. marginale infection in IDE8 tick cells. Four genes, which encode putative GST, salivary selenoprotein M, vATPase, and ubiquitin, affected A. marginale infection in different sites of development in ticks. The results of these studies demonstrated that a molecular mechanism occurs by which tick cell gene expression mediates the A. marginale developmental cycle and trafficking through ticks.
...
PMID:Functional genomic studies of tick cells in response to infection with the cattle pathogen, Anaplasma marginale. 1796 55

Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is mediated by the proteasome. To understand the structure and function of the human 26S proteasome, we cloned complete ORFs of 32 human proteasome subunits and conducted a yeast two-hybrid analysis of their interactions with each other. We observed that there are 114 interacting-pairs in the human 26S proteasome. About 10% (11/114) of these interacting-pairs was confirmed by the GST-pull down analysis. Among these observed interacting subunits, 58% (66/114) are novel and the rest 42% (48/114) has been reported previously in human or in other species. We observed new interactions between the 19S regulatory particle and the beta-rings of the 20S catalytic particle and therefore proposed a modified model of the 26S proteasome.
...
PMID:Subunit-subunit interactions in the human 26S proteasome. 1818 20

Nedd8 is a small ubiquitin-like protein that can be conjugated to substrate-proteins in a process known as neddylation. Although neddylation plays a critical regulatory role in cell proliferation and development, the spectrum of Nedd8 substrates and its interaction network remain poorly understood. To explore the neddylation pathway at the proteome level, we have affinity purified Nedd8 modified and associated proteins from HEK293 cells stably expressing GST-Nedd8 and employed LC-MS/MS for subsequent protein identification. A total of 496 GST-Nedd8 modified and associated proteins have been identified, including all of the eight cullin family members (i.e., Cul-1, -2, -3, -4A, -4B, -5, -7, and Parc) that are involved in the neddylation and ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. In addition, a group of proteins involved in transcription, DNA repair and replication, cell cycle regulation and chromatin organization, and remodeling have been copurified and identified. Apart from protein identification, the neddylation sites of cullins were determined by MS/MS analysis, which agree well with previous mutagenesis studies. Furthermore, MS analyses revealed that Nedd8 K11, K22, K48, and K60 can form chains in vivo, whereas Nedd8 K22 and K48 can be neddylated in vitro. These results present the first molecular evidence for in vitro and in vivo polyneddylation, suggesting that chain formation of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins may be a general phenomenon for these modifications. Although much remains to be explored for the biological significance of the observations, this work provides critically important information regarding Nedd8 chain assembly and its interaction network. The vast amount of proteomic information obtained here can provide clues on the biological role of Nedd8 and lay the foundation for an in-depth analysis of the regulation of the Nedd8 pathway.
...
PMID:A targeted proteomic analysis of the ubiquitin-like modifier nedd8 and associated proteins. 1824 57

S-RNase-based self-incompatibility has been identified in three flowering plant families, including the Solanaceae, and this self/non-self recognition mechanism between pollen and pistil is controlled by two polymorphic genes at the S-locus, S-RNase and S-locus F-box (SLF). S-RNase is produced in the pistil and taken up by pollen tubes in a non-S-haplotype-specific manner. How an allelic product of SLF interacts with self and non-self S-RNases to result in growth inhibition of self pollen tubes is not completely understood. One model predicts that SLF targets non-self S-RNases for ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated degradation, thereby only allowing self S-RNase to exert cytotoxic activity inside a pollen tube. To test this model, we studied whether any of the 20 lysine residues in S(3)-RNase of Petunia inflata might be targets for ubiquitination. We identified six lysines near the C-terminus for which mutation to arginine significantly reduced ubiquitination and degradation of the mutant S(3)-RNase, GST:S(3)-RNase (K141-164R) in pollen tube extracts. We further showed that GST:S(3)-RNase (K141-164R) and GST:S(3)-RNase had similar RNase activity, suggesting that their degradation was probably not caused by an ER-associated protein degradation pathway that removes mis-folded proteins. Finally, we showed that PiSBP1 (P. inflata S-RNase binding protein 1), a potential RING-HC subunit of the PiSLF (P. inflata SLF)-containing E3-like complex, could target S-RNase for ubiquitination in vitro. All these results suggest that ubiquitin/26S proteasome-dependent degradation of S-RNase may be an integral part of the S-RNase-based self-incompatibility mechanism.
...
PMID:Identification of major lysine residues of S(3)-RNase of Petunia inflata involved in ubiquitin-26S proteasome-mediated degradation in vitro. 1834 91

Glucose-dependent regulation of carbon metabolism is a subject of intensive studies. We have previously shown that the switch from gluconeogenesis to glycolysis is associated with ubiquitin-proteasome linked elimination of the key enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Seven glucose induced degradation deficient (Gid)-proteins found previously in a genomic screen were shown to form a complex that binds FBPase. One of the subunits, Gid2/Rmd5, contains a degenerated RING finger domain. In an in vitro assay, heterologous expression of GST-Gid2 leads to polyubiquitination of proteins. In addition, we show that a mutation in the degenerated RING domain of Gid2/Rmd5 abolishes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase polyubiquitination and elimination in vivo. Six Gid proteins are present in gluconeogenic cells. A seventh protein, Gid4/Vid24, occurs upon glucose addition to gluconeogenic cells and is afterwards eliminated. Forcing abnormal expression of Gid4/Vid24 in gluconeogenic cells leads to fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase degradation. This suggests that Gid4/Vid24 initiates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase polyubiquitination by the Gid complex and its subsequent elimination by the proteasome. We also show that an additional gluconeogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, is subject to Gid complex-dependent degradation. Our study uncovers a new type of ubiquitin ligase complex composed of novel subunits involved in carbohydrate metabolism and identifies Gid4/Vid24 as a major regulator of this E3.
...
PMID:The yeast GID complex, a novel ubiquitin ligase (E3) involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. 1850 25

Extensive evidence indicates that serum response factor (SRF) regulates muscle-specific gene expression and that myocardin family SRF cofactors are critical for smooth muscle cell differentiation. In a yeast two hybrid screen for novel SRF binding partners expressed in aortic SMC, we identified four and a half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2) and confirmed this interaction by GST pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays. FHL2 also interacted with all three myocardin factors and enhanced myocardin and myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)-A-dependent transactivation of smooth muscle alpha-actin, SM22, and cardiac atrial natriuretic factor promoters in 10T1/2 cells. The expression of FHL2 increased myocardin and MRTF-A protein levels, and, importantly, this effect was due to an increase in protein stability not due to an increase in myocardin factor mRNA expression. Treatment of cells with proteasome inhibitors MG-132 and lactacystin strongly upregulated endogenous MRTF-A protein levels and resulted in a substantial increase in ubiquitin immunoreactivity in MRTF-A immunoprecipitants. Interestingly, the expression of FHL2 attenuated the effects of RhoA and MRTF-B on promoter activity, perhaps through decreased MRTF-B nuclear localization or decreased SRF-CArG binding. Taken together, these data indicate that myocardin factors are regulated by proteasome-mediated degradation and that FHL2 regulates SRF-dependent transcription by multiple mechanisms, including stabilization of myocardin and MRTF-A.
...
PMID:Regulation of myocardin factor protein stability by the LIM-only protein FHL2. 1858 95

Post-translational modification by ubiquitin (Ub) and Ub-like modifiers is one of the most important mechanisms regulating a wide range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Through mediating 26S proteasome-dependent degradation of substrates, the covalent modification of proteins by multiple Ub (ubiquitination) can regulate many different cellular functions such as transcription, antigen processing, signal transduction and cell cycle. To better understand ubiquitination and its functions, proteomic approaches have been developed to purify and identify more protein substrates. The S5a subunit of the 26S proteasome binds to poly-Ub chains containing four or more Ub. In this study, immobilized GST-S5a fusion protein was used to affinity-purify ubiquitinated proteins from Chang liver cells. The purified proteins were then identified with multi-dimensional LC combined with MS/MS. Eighty-three potential ubiquitination substrates were identified. From these proteins, 19 potential ubiquitination sites on 17 potential substrates were determined. These potential ubiquitination substrates are mainly related to important cellular functions including metabolism, translation and transcription. Our results provide helpful information for further understanding of the relationship between ubiquitination machinery and different cell functions.
...
PMID:Proteomic analysis of ubiquitinated proteins in normal hepatocyte cell line Chang liver cells. 1865 26

The evolutionarily conserved cell polarity protein Par3, a scaffold-like PDZ-containing protein, plays a critical role in the establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity. Although the role of Par3 in establishing cell polarity in epithelial cells has been intensively explored, the function of Par3 in hematopoietic cells remains elusive. To address this issue, we generated GST-fusion proteins of Par3 PDZ domains. By combining the GST-pull-down approach with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 10 potential novel binding proteins of PDZ domains of Par3 in Jurkat cells (a T-cell line). The interaction of Par3 with three proteins--nuclear transport protein importin-alpha4 and proteasome activators PA28beta and PA28gamma--was confirmed using in vitro binding assay, co-immunoprecipitation assay and immunofluorescence microscopy. Our results have the potential to uncover novel functions of the cell polarity protein Par3 in blood cells.
...
PMID:Proteome identification of binding-partners interacting with cell polarity protein Par3 in Jurkat cells. 1868 89


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>

---