Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Embryogenesis in plants is a unique process in the sense that it can be initiated from a wide range of cells other than the zygote. Upon stress, microspores or young pollen grains can be switched from their normal pollen development towards an embryogenic pathway, a process called androgenesis. Androgenesis represents an important tool for research in plant genetics and breeding, since androgenic embryos can germinate into completely homozygous, double haploid plants. From a developmental point of view, androgenesis is a rewarding system for understanding the process of embryo formation from single, haploid microspores. Androgenic development can be divided into three main characteristic phases: acquisition of embryogenic potential, initiation of cell divisions, and pattern formation. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the main cellular and molecular events that characterize these three commitment phases. Molecular approaches such as differential screening and cDNA array have been successfully employed in the characterization of the spatiotemporal changes in gene expression during androgenesis. These results suggest that the activation of key regulators of embryogenesis, such as the BABY BOOM transcription factor, is preceded by the stress-induced reprogramming of cellular metabolism. Reprogramming of cellular metabolism includes the repression of gene expression related to starch biosynthesis and the induction of proteolytic genes (e.g. components of the 26S proteasome, metalloprotease, cysteine, and aspartic proteases) and stress-related proteins (e.g. GST, HSP, BI-1, ADH). The combination of cell tracking systems with biochemical markers has allowed the key switches in the developmental pathway of microspores to be determined, as well as programmed cell death to be identified as a feature of successful androgenic embryo development. The mechanisms of androgenesis induction and embryo formation are discussed, in relation to other biological systems, in special zygotic and somatic embryogenesis.
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PMID:Androgenic switch: an example of plant embryogenesis from the male gametophyte perspective. 1592 15

NUB1 interacts with a ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to target the NEDD8 monomer and neddylated proteins to the proteasome for degradation. Therefore, NUB1 is thought to be a potent downregulator of NEDD8 conjugation system. Since NUB1 possesses a UBL domain, which was previously shown to be an S5a-interacting motif in RAD23/HHR23, we initially hypothesized that NUB1 interacts with the S5a subunit of the proteasome through its UBL domain. To examine this, we performed an in vitro GST pull-down assay and a yeast two-hybrid assay. Unexpectedly, our studies revealed that NUB1 directly interacts with the S5a subunit through its C-terminal region between amino acid residues 536 and 584, not through its UBL domain. Although the UBL domain was not an S5a-interacting motif in NUB1, our further studies revealed that the UBL domain is required for the function of NUB1.
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PMID:Interaction of NUB1 with the proteasome subunit S5a. 1617 79

The mechanism by which hypoxia induces gene transcription involves the inhibition of HIF-1alpha (hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha subunit) PHD (prolyl hydroxylase) activity, which prevents the VHL (von Hippel-Lindau)-dependent targeting of HIF-1alpha to the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. HIF-1alpha thus accumulates and promotes gene transcription. In the present study, first we provide direct biochemical evidence for the presence of a conserved hypoxic signalling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. An assay for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases was developed using Drosophila embryonic and larval homogenates as a source of enzyme. Drosophila PHD has a low substrate specificity and hydroxylates key proline residues in the ODD (oxygen-dependent degradation) domains of human HIF-1alpha and Similar, the Drosophila homologue of HIF-1alpha. The enzyme promotes human and Drosophila [(35)S]VHL binding to GST (glutathione S-transferase)-ODD-domain fusion protein. Hydroxylation is enhanced by proteasomal inhibitors and was ascertained using an anti-hydroxyproline antibody. Secondly, by using transgenic flies expressing a fusion protein that combined an ODD domain and the green fluorescent protein (ODD-GFP), we analysed the hypoxic cascade in different embryonic and larval tissues. Hypoxic accumulation of the reporter protein was observed in the whole tracheal tree, but not in the ectoderm. Hypoxic stabilization of ODD-GFP in the ectoderm was restored by inducing VHL expression in these cells. These results show that Drosophila tissues exhibit different sensitivities to hypoxia.
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PMID:Analysis of the hypoxia-sensing pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. 1617 82

The role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in degrading nuclear hormone receptors and regulating their transcriptional function has emerged in the last few years. We identified the ubiquitin-specific protease USP10 as part of DNA-bound androgen receptor (AR) complexes purified from nuclear extracts of PC-3 cells stably expressing the AR. The interaction between USP10 and the AR was confirmed by GST pull-down assays. Fluorescence microscopy documented that USP10 was localised in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Cell-based transactivation assays in PC-3/AR cells revealed that overexpression of wild-type USP10, but not of an enzymatically inactive form, stimulated AR activity mediated by reporter constructs harbouring selective androgen response elements (AREs), non-selective steroid response elements (SREs) or the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) promoter. Conversely, USP10 expression knock-down by siRNAs impaired the MMTV response to androgen. In summary, the data indicate that USP10 is a new cofactor that binds to the AR and stimulates the androgen response of target promoters. This finding underlines the role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in modulating the AR function.
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PMID:The ubiquitin-specific protease USP10 modulates androgen receptor function. 1636 82

Hypoxia is a crucial factor in tumor aggressiveness and resistance to treatment, particularly in glioma. Our previous results have shown that inhibiting the small GTPase RhoB increased oxygenation of U87 human glioblastoma xenografts, in part, by regulating angiogenesis. We investigated here whether RhoB might also control a signaling pathway that would permit glioma cells to adapt to hypoxia. We first showed that silencing RhoB with siRNA induced degradation and inhibition of the transcriptional activity of the hypoxia-inducible factor by the proteasome in U87 hypoxic cells. This RhoB-dependent degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in hypoxic conditions was mediated by the Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta pathway. While investigating how hypoxia could activate this signaling pathway, using the GST-Rhotekin RBD pulldown assay, we showed the early activation of RhoB by reactive oxygen species under hypoxic conditions and, subsequently, its participation in the ensuing cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Overall, therefore, our results have not only highlighted a new signaling pathway for hypoxia controlled by the small GTPase RhoB, but they also strongly implicate RhoB as a potentially important therapeutic target for decreasing tumor hypoxia.
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PMID:Activation of RhoB by hypoxia controls hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha stabilization through glycogen synthase kinase-3 in U87 glioblastoma cells. 1639 64

MYO18B is a class XVIIIB unconventional myosin encoded by a candidate tumor suppressor gene. To gain insights into the cellular function of this protein, we searched for MYO18B-interacting proteins by a yeast two-hybrid screen. Sug1, a 19S regulator subunit of the 26S proteasome, was identified as a binding partner of the C-terminal tail region of MYO18B. The association of MYO18B with Sug1 was further confirmed by GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, proteasome dysfunction by a proteasome inhibitor or siRNA-mediated knock-down of Sug1 caused the up-regulation of MYO18B protein and MYO18B was polyubiquitinated in vivo. Collectively, these results suggested that MYO18B is a substrate for proteasomal degradation.
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PMID:MYO18B interacts with the proteasomal subunit Sug1 and is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. 1649 72

The proteasome is a multisubunit complex with a central role in non-lysosomal proteolysis and the processing of proteins for presentation by the MHC class I pathway. The 16kDa proteasome maturation protein POMP (also named proteassemblin or hUmp1) acts as a chaperone and is essential for the maturation of the 20S proteasome proteolytic core complex. However, the exact mechanism, timing and localisation of mammalian proteasome assembly remains elusive. We sought to investigate the localisation of POMP within the cell and therefore purified the protein and produced a polyclonal antibody. For immunisation, POMP was overexpressed and purified from a bacterial GST-system. Interestingly, after removal of the GST-tag, POMP was hardly detectable by Coomassie blue- and Ponceau red-staining. However, with a reverse zinc-staining, the protein could easily be visualised. POMP was gel-filtrated and eluted from a calibrated chromatography column with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 64kDa, suggesting that it forms tetramers. Moreover, localisation studies by immunofluorescence stainings and confocal microscopy revealed that POMP is present in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus.
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PMID:Possible tetramerisation of the proteasome maturation factor POMP/proteassemblin/hUmp1 and its subcellular localisation. 1662 3

Yeast Prp19 has been shown to involve in pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair as well as being an ubiquitin ligase. Mammalian homologue of yeast Prp19 also plays on similar functional activities in cells. In the present study, we isolated mouse SUG1 (mSUG1) as binding partner of mouse Prp19 (mPrp19) by the yeast two-hybrid system. We confirmed the interaction of mPrp9 with mSUG1 by GST pull-down assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay. The N-terminus of mPrp19 including U-box domain was associated with the C-terminus of mSUG1. Although, mSUG1 is a regulatory subunit of 26S proteasome, mPrp19 was not degraded in the proteasome-dependent pathway. Interestingly, GFP-mPrp19 fusion protein was co-localized with mSUG1 protein in cytoplasm as the formation of the speckle-like structures in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor MG132. In addition, the activity of proteasome was increased in cells transfected with mPrp19. Taken together, these results suggest that mPrp19 involves the regulation of protein turnover and may transport its substrates to 26S proteasome through mSUG1 protein.
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PMID:Mouse homologue of yeast Prp19 interacts with mouse SUG1, the regulatory subunit of 26S proteasome. 1734 74

Apoptosis is an essential mechanism for the maintenance of somatic tissues, and when dysregulated can lead to numerous pathological conditions. G proteins regulate apoptosis in addition to other cellular functions, but the roles of specific G proteins in apoptosis signaling are not well characterized. Galpha12 stimulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a serine/threonine phosphatase that modulates essential signaling pathways, including apoptosis. Herein, we examined whether Galpha12 regulates apoptosis in epithelial cells. Inducible expression of Galpha12 or constitutively active (QL)alpha12 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells led to increased apoptosis with expression of QLalpha12, but not Galpha12. Inducing QLalpha12 led to degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (via the proteasome pathway), increased JNK activity, and up-regulated IkappaBalpha protein levels, a potent stimulator of apoptosis. Furthermore, the QLalpha12-stimulated activation of JNK was blocked by inhibiting PP2A. To characterize endogenous Galpha12 signaling pathways, non-transfected MDCK-II and HEK293 cells were stimulated with thrombin. Thrombin activated endogenous Galpha12 (confirmed by GST-tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) pull-downs) and stimulated apoptosis in both cell types. The mechanisms of thrombin-stimulated apoptosis through endogenous Galpha12 were nearly identical to the mechanisms identified in QLalpha12-MDCK cells and included loss of Bcl-2, JNK activation, and up-regulation of IkappaBalpha. Knockdown of the PP2A catalytic subunit in HEK293 cells inhibited thrombin-stimulated apoptosis, prevented JNK activation, and blocked Bcl-2 degradation. In summary, Galpha12 has a major role in regulating epithelial cell apoptosis through PP2A and JNK activation leading to loss of Bcl-2 protein expression. Targeting these pathways in vivo may lead to new therapeutic strategies for a variety of disease processes.
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PMID:Galpha12 stimulates apoptosis in epithelial cells through JNK1-mediated Bcl-2 degradation and up-regulation of IkappaBalpha. 1756 96

Ubiquilin was originally identified as a presenilin-interacting protein. We previously reported that ubiquilin interacts with both the loop and carboxyl terminus of presenilin proteins and that the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain of ubiquilin, which binds poly ubiquitin chains, is important for mediating this interaction. In the present study, we examined whether ubiquitination of presenilin-2 (PS2) is required for interaction with ubiquilin-1 by mutating lysine residues that may be targets for ubiquitination in the presenilin loop and carboxyl terminus regions. Mutation of two lysine residues in the PS2-loop region suggested that ubiquitination is not required for interaction with ubiquilin-1 and may, in fact, even negatively regulate the interaction. Similarly, we found that ubiquitination of the PS2 carboxyl terminus (PS2-C-terminus) is not required for interaction with ubiquilin-1, although our results suggest that it could play some role. Instead, we found that the mutation of either one of the two lysine residues in the carboxyl terminus of PS2 or the proline residues in the highly conserved PALP motif in this region results in destabilization of the mutant PS2 polypeptides because of increased degradation by the proteasome. Furthermore, by GST-pull-down assays we found that the mutant polypeptides were unable to bind ubiquilin, suggesting that loss of ubiquilin interaction leads to destabilization of presenilin polypeptides. Paradoxically, however, knockdown of ubiquilin expression by RNA interference did not alter the rate of turnover of PS2 proteins in cells. Instead, we found that PS2 synthesis was reduced, and PS2 fragment production was increased, suggesting that ubiquilin expression modulates biogenesis and endoproteolysis of presenilin proteins.
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PMID:Studies of the role of ubiquitination in the interaction of ubiquilin with the loop and carboxyl terminal regions of presenilin-2. 1761 68


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