Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
 28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using a proteomic approach, we characterized different protein expression profiles in anterior gills of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, after cadmium (Cd) exposure. Two experimental conditions were tested: (i) an acute exposure (i.e. 500 microg Cd l(-1) for 3 days) for which physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural damage have been observed previously; (ii) a chronic exposure (i.e. 50 microg Cd l(-1) for 30 days) resulting in physiological acclimation, i.e. increased resistance to a subsequent acute exposure. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) revealed six protein spots differentially expressed after acute, and 31 after chronic Cd exposure. From these spots, 15 protein species were identified using MS/MS micro-sequencing and MS BLAST database searches. Alpha tubulin, glutathione S-transferase and crustacean calcium-binding protein 23 were down-regulated after an acute exposure, whereas another glutathione S-transferase isoform was up-regulated. Furthermore, analyses revealed the over-expression of protein disulfide isomerase, thioredoxin peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, a proteasome subunit and cathepsin D after chronic exposure. Under the same condition, ATP synthase beta, alpha tubulin, arginine kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were down-regulated. These results demonstrate that acute and chronic exposure to waterborne Cd induced different responses at the protein expression level. Protein identification supports the idea that Cd mainly exerts its toxicity through oxidative stress induction and sulfhydryl-group binding. As a result, analyses showed the up-regulation of several antioxidant enzymes and chaperonins during acclimation process. The gill proteolytic capacity seems also to be increased. On the other hand, the clearly decreased abundance of several enzymes involved in energy transfer suggests that chronic metal exposure induced an important metabolic reshuffling.
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PMID:Differential protein expression profiles in anterior gills of Eriocheir sinensis during acclimation to cadmium. 1624 38

Exon-primed intron-crossing PCR was used on the European commercial scallops Aequipecten opercularis and Mimachlamys varia to characterize introns of four nuclear genes and to identify DNA markers useful for population studies. The primers used yielded the expected product, except those for the lysozyme gene that failed to work in M. varia and amplified a fragment of a proteasome subunit gene (APSM) in A. opercularis. According to the sequences characterized, A. opercularis has at least four calmodulin genes, one of arginine kinase and two of beta-tubulin, and M. varia five, one and one, respectively. Length polymorphism or/and restriction fragment length polymorphism was detected at two loci of A. opercularis (arginine kinase and APSM) and four of M. varia (calmodulin and beta-tubulin), distinguishing in each case two or three alleles. The polymorphic loci were not closely linked. The population survey included four localities from Spain and one from Northern Ireland for A. opercularis and two Spanish localities for M. varia. Observed heterozygosity (H(o)) per locus was 0.276 and 0.296 in A. opercularis. The Northern Ireland sample had the lowest H(o) value (0.200) and the Mediterranean Spanish sample the highest (0.350). In M. varia, H(o) per locus ranged from 0.172 to 0.391 and the two localities showed similar H(o) values (0.255 and 0.293). All population-locus combinations were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except two loci of M. varia that showed a strong heterozygote deficit in the two localities examined. Evidence for genetic differentiation among samples was not found.
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PMID:Intron characterization and their potential as molecular markers for population studies in the scallops Aequipecten opercularis and Mimachlamys varia. 1949 Jan 65

Many bivalves have an unusual mechanism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) inheritance called doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) in which distinctly different genomes are inherited through the female (F genome) and male (M genome) lineages. In fertilized eggs that will develop into male embryos, the sperm mitochondria remain in an aggregation, which is believed to be delivered to the primordial germ cells and passed to the next generation through the sperm. In fertilized eggs that will develop into female embryos, the sperm mitochondria are dispersed throughout the developing embryo and make little if any contribution to the next generation. The frequency of embryos with the aggregated or dispersed mitochondrial type varies among females. Previous models of DUI have predicted that maternal nuclear factors cause molecular differences among unfertilized eggs from females producing embryos with predominantly dispersed or aggregated mitochondria. We test this hypothesis using females of each of the two types from a natural population. We have found small, yet detectable, differences of the predicted type at the proteome level. We also provide evidence that eggs of females giving the dispersed pattern have consistently lower expression for different proteasome subunits than eggs of females giving the aggregated pattern. These results, combined with those of an earlier study in which we used hatchery lines of Mytilus, and with a transcriptomic study in a clam that has the DUI system of mtDNA transmission, reinforce the hypothesis that the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a key role in the mechanism of DUI and sex determination in bivalves. We also report that eggs of females giving the dispersed pattern have higher expression for arginine kinase and enolase, enzymes involved in energy production, whereas ferritin, which is involved in iron homeostasis, has lower expression. We discuss these results in the context of genetic models for DUI and suggest experimental methods for further understanding the role of these proteins in DUI.
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PMID:Proteomic analysis of eggs from Mytilus edulis females differing in mitochondrial DNA transmission mode. 2386 45