Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Autosomal recessive-juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) is one of the most common forms of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and is related to mutations in the Park-2 gene, encoding for a protein ligase of ubiquitin, parkin. Different mutations located along the parkin gene have been observed in different AR-JP affected families, possibly interfering with the normal function of parkin and the proteasome system. Two cases of patients with AR-JP have been recently described presenting different homo- and heterozygous parkin mutations and limited tau pathology. We report here the case of a patient with clinical and pathological findings compatible with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), carrier of a single, heterozygous mutation of the parkin gene, and homozygous for the H1/H1 haplotype in the tau gene. Abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation has been observed in our patient brain samples, suggesting that a partial deficit of parkin, a protein with ubiquitin-ligase function, may trigger tau pathology in individuals with molecular genetic risk factors.
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PMID:Progressive supranuclear palsy and tau hyperphosphorylation in a patient with a C212Y parkin mutation. 1244 71

The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and multiple system atrophy has made significant progress in the recent years. Lewy body appears to be principally made of alpha-synuclein, a presynaptic protein. It also contains ubiquitin and some components of the proteasome: this suggests that alteration of protein catabolism may be involved in its formation. In favor of this hypothesis, it should be noted that Parkin, a protein that is mutated in autosomal recessive Parkinson disease, is a ubiquitin ligase. Immunohistochemistry has shown that alpha-synuclein accumulates not only in the cell body of the neurones (Lewy body) but also in their processes (Lewy neurites); it has emphasized the severity of the pathology in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, amygdala, CA2-3 sector of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Cortical Lewy bodies are not considered any more the marker of dementia with Lewy bodies: they are, indeed, found in true Parkinson disease cases. In progressive supranuclear palsy, 4 repeats tau accumulates in the cytoplasm of neurones and glia. At electron microscopy, the accumulation is made of straight filaments. It involves not only the neurones (where it is the main constituent of the neurofibrillary tangles) but also the glia. Astrocytic tuft is to day considered the morphological marker of progressive supranuclear palsy. Tau protein accumulates in the cell body of the oligodendrocyte as a "coiled body"; the protein is also integrated in the myelin sheath, when the cytoplasm of the oligodendrocyte wraps around the axon. This explains the numerous "threads" that are visible in cases of progressive supranuclear palsy. Striato-nigral degeneration, sporadic olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy and primitive orthostatic hypotension are various clinico-pathologic aspects of the same disorder: multiple system atrophy. It is also characterized by a morphological marker: the accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the cytoplasm of glial cells, particularly oligodendrocytes. The term synucleinopathy has been proposed to describe both idiopathic Parkinson disease and multiple system atrophy. The reason explaining the cellular topography of alpha-synuclein accumulation, neuronal in Parkinson disease, glial in multiple system atrophy is still unknown.
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PMID:[Recent neuropathology of parkinsonian syndromes]. 1277 83

Intracellular protein inclusions in Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy contain UBB+1, a variant ubiquitin. UBB+1 is able block the 26S proteasome in cell lines. Proteasome inhibition by drug action has previously been shown to induce a heat-shock response and render protection against stress. We investigated UBB+1 by developing a stable, conditional expression model in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Induction of UBB+1 expression caused proteasome inhibition as was confirmed by reduced ability to process misfolded canavanyl proteins, accumulation of GFPu, a proteasome substrate, and reduced cleavage of a fluorogenic substrate. We show that expression of UBB+1 induces expression of heat-shock proteins. This priming of the chaperone system in these cells promotes a subsequent resistance to tert-butyl hydroperoxide-mediated oxidative stress. We conclude that although UBB+1-expressing cells have a compromised ubiquitin-proteasome system, they are protected against oxidative stress conditions.
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PMID:Alzheimer's associated variant ubiquitin causes inhibition of the 26S proteasome and chaperone expression. 1287 80

Tau-positive inclusions in oligodendrocytes are consistent neuropathological features of corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal dementias with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Here we show by immunohistochemistry that tau-positive oligodendroglial inclusion bodies also contain the small heat-shock protein (HSP) alphaB-crystallin but not HSP70. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying inclusion body formation, we engineered an oligodendroglia cell line (OLN-t40) to overexpress the longest human tau isoform. Treatment of OLN-t40 cells with okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, caused tau hyperphosphorylation and a decrease in the binding of tau to microtubules. Simultaneously, tau-positive aggregates that also stained with the amyloid-binding dye thioflavin-S as well as with antibodies to tau and alphaB-crystallin were detected. However, they were only transiently expressed and were degraded within 24 hr. When the proteasomal apparatus was inhibited by carbobenzoxy-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucinal (MG-132) after OA treatment, the aggregates were stabilized and were still detectable after 18 hr in the absence of OA. Incubation with MG-132 alone inhibited tau proteolysis and led to the induction of HSPs, including alphaB-crystallin and to its translocation to the perinuclear region, but did not induce the formation of thioflavin-S-positive aggregates. Hence, although tau hyperphosphorylation induced by protein phosphatase inhibition contributes to pathological aggregate formation, only hyperphosporylation of tau followed by proteasome inhibition leads to stable fibrillary deposits of tau similar to those observed in neurodegenerative diseases.
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PMID:Proteasome inhibition stabilizes tau inclusions in oligodendroglial cells that occur after treatment with okadaic acid. 1452 89

Molecular misreading of the ubiquitin-B (UBB) gene results in a dinucleotide deletion in UBB mRNA. The resulting mutant protein, UBB+1, accumulates in the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. In vitro, UBB+1 inhibits proteasomal proteolysis, although it is also an ubiquitin fusion degradation substrate for the proteasome. Using the ligase chain reaction to detect dinucleotide deletions, we report here that UBB+1 transcripts are present in each neurodegenerative disease studied (tauo- and synucleinopathies) and even in control brain samples. In contrast to UBB+1 transcripts, UBB+1 protein accumulation in the ubiquitin-containing neuropathological hallmarks is restricted to the tauopathies such as Pick disease, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and argyrophilic grain disease. Remarkably, UBB+1 protein is not detected in the major forms of synucleinopathies (Lewy body disease and multiple system atrophy). The neurologically intact brain can cope with UBB+1 as lentivirally delivered UBB+1 protein is rapidly degraded in rat hippocampus, whereas the K29,48R mutant of UBB+1, which is not ubiquitinated, is abundantly expressed. The finding that UBB+1 protein only accumulates in tauopathies thus implies that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is impaired specifically in this group of neurodegenerative diseases and not in synucleinopathies and that the presence of UBB+1 protein reports proteasomal dysfunction in the brain.
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PMID:Disease-specific accumulation of mutant ubiquitin as a marker for proteasomal dysfunction in the brain. 1459 71

UBB+1 protein is an aberrant ubiquitin associated with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). It leads to proteasome inhibition, heat-shock protein (HSP) expression and apoptosis in cell cultures. Despite UBB+1 polyubiquitination (an indication of proteasome inhibition), we demonstrate that UBB+1 and HSP40/HSP70 immunoreactivity do not co-localize in the pons of patients with PSP. As HSPs are involved in both normal tau and proteasome function, these findings may be relevant to the aetiology of PSP and other tauopathies.
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PMID:Failure in heat-shock protein expression in response to UBB+1 protein in progressive supranuclear palsy in humans. 1505 Jul 20

Parkin is a ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Elevating parkin expression in cells reduces markers of oxidative stress while blocking parkin expression increases oxidative stress. In parkin gene knock down mouse and fly models, mitochondria function is deficient. Parkin is neuroprotective against a variety of toxic insults, while it remains unclear which of the above properties of parkin may mediate the protective actions. One of the models for which parkin is protective is overexpression of alpha-synuclein, a protein that self-aggregates in Parkinson disease. The microtubule-associated protein tau is another protein that self-aggregates in specific neurodegenerative diseases that also involve loss of dopamine neurons such as frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. We recently developed a tau-induced dopaminergic degeneration model in rats using adeno-associated virus vectors. In this study, we successfully targeted either a mixed tau/parkin vector or mixed tau/control vector to the rat substantia nigra. While there was significant loss of dopamine neurons in the tau/control group relative to uninjected substantia nigra, there was no cell loss in the tau/parkin group. We found no difference in total tau levels between tau/control and tau/parkin groups. Parkin therefore protects dopamine neurons against tau as it does against alpha-synuclein, which further supports parkin as a therapeutic target for diseases involving loss of dopamine neurons.
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PMID:Parkin is protective for substantia nigra dopamine neurons in a tau gene transfer neurodegeneration model. 1655 20

Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) is a common sporadic neurodegenerative disease of old age characterized by the presence of argyrophilic grains (AGs)--dendritic-derived appendages as revealed with the Golgi method--together with pre-tangle neurons in the limbic system, which accounts for about 5% of all demented cases. AGs and pre-tangle neurons contain hyperphosphorylated 4R tau. This is associated with a typical 64 kDa and 68 kDa pattern, but also accompanied by tau truncated forms of low molecular mass, probably resulting from thrombin-mediated proteolysis. Hyperphosphorylated tau also accumulates in oligodendroglial-coiled bodies and in limbic astrocytes. Ballooning neurons in the amygdala are non-specific accompanying abnormalities. A new proposal for AG distribution considers four stages. Clinical symptoms largely depend on the extension of AGs together with the very common associated tauopathies, mainly Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and synucleinopathies. Pathogenesis of AG and related lesions herein proposed includes oxidative stress that is followed by increased expression of oxidative response markers, and activation of stress kinases (stress activated protein kinase and p38). These kinases together with glycogen synthase kinase 3beta co-localize with hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in neurons and glial cells, thus indicating a link between oxidative stress and tau phosphorylation in AGD. Hyperphosphorylated tau, in turn, co-localizes with p62/sequestosome 1 and ubiquitin, thus pointing to activation of protein aggregation and protein degradation pathways, respectively. Finally, AGs and tangles co-localize with mutant ubiquitin (UBB(+1)) resulting from molecular misreading of mRNA, thus supporting proteasome function impairment and, therefore, impelling accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in AGs and tangles. The sequestration of active kinases in AGs and tangles is an additional local cause of tau hyperphosphorylation.
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PMID:Argyrophilic grain disease. 1823 98

Accumulation of proteins in inclusions in neurological disorders is partly due to dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Proteasomal dysfunction may be caused by misexpression of one or more of its subunits. A large number of antibodies reactive with proteasome subunits were screened on material from patients exhibiting tau- and synucleinopathies. Many antisera against proteasomal subunits (11S activator, 19S regulator ATPase/non-ATPase, and 20S alpha and beta resulted in a distinct nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining of the entorhinal-hippocampal area and the temporal cortex of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. In particular an antibody directed against 19S regulator ATPase subunit 6b (S6b) specifically stained the neurofibrillary tangles and dystrophic neurites in AD, Down syndrome and aged nondemented controls. In other tauopathies (Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and argyrophilic grain disease), neuronal and/or glial inclusions were also S6b immunoreactive. In contrast, in synucleinopathies (Lewy body disease (LBD) and multiple system atrophy) no S6b staining was seen. Real time quantitative PCR on the temporal cortex of AD patients revealed a significant increase in S6b subunit mRNA. This increase was not found in the gyrus cinguli anterior of patients with LBD. This differential expression of S6b most likely will result in different proteomic patterns. Here we present evidence to show that S6b coexists with a reporter for proteasomal dysfunction (ubiquitin(+1)), and we conclude that S6b transcript up-regulation and the dysfunction in tauopathies may be functionally related.
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PMID:Proteasome subunit proteins and neuropathology in tauopathies and synucleinopathies: Consequences for proteomic analyses. 1828 60

Human neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates are associated with aberrant post-translational modifications, solubility, aggregation and fibril formation of selected proteins which cannot be degraded by cytosolic proteases, ubiquitin-protesome system and autophagy, and, therefore, accumulate in cells and extracellular compartments as residual debris. In addition to the accumulation of "primary" proteins, several other mechanisms are involved in the degenerative process and probably may explain crucial aspects such as the timing, selective cellular vulnerability and progression of the disease in particular individuals. One of these mechanisms is oxidative stress, which occurs in the vast majority of, if not all, degenerative diseases of the nervous system. The present review covers most of the protein targets that have been recognized as modified proteins mainly using bidimensional gel electrophoresis, Western blotting with oxidative and nitrosative markers, and identified by mass spectrometry in Alzheimer disease; certain tauopathies such as progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick disease, argyrophilic grain disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration linked to mutations in tau protein, for example, FTLD-tau, Parkinson disease and related alpha-synucleinopathies; Huntington disease; and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, together with related animal and cellular models. Vulnerable proteins can be mostly grouped in defined metabolic pathways covering glycolysis and energy metabolism, cytoskeletal, chaperoning, cellular stress responses, and members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Available information points to the fact that vital metabolic pathways are hampered by protein oxidative damage in several human degenerative diseases and that oxidative damage occurs at very early stages of the disease. Yet parallel functional studies are limited and further work is needed to document whether protein oxidation results in loss of activity and impaired performance. A better understanding of proteins susceptible to oxidation and nitration may serve to define damaged metabolic networks at early stages of disease and to advance therapeutic interventions to attenuate disease progression.
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PMID:Protein targets of oxidative damage in human neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates. 1972 34


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