Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.25.1 (proteasome)
28,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glomerular expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) (CD54) and membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) and positive infiltrating cells in leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA1)alpha (CD11a) and C3bi receptors (CR3/CD11b, CR4/CD11c) were examined by the indirect immunoperoxidase method on 43 sets of repeated renal biopsy specimens from patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Twenty-four-hour urine protein at the time of renal biopsy was also evaluated. Glomerular infiltration of LFA1alpha+ cells was significantly correlated with glomerular expression of ICAM1 (r = 0.494, P < 0.0001). Glomerular complement receptor type 4 (CR4)+ cells were significantly correlated with glomerular expression of MCP (r = 0.405, P < 0.0001). The glomerular expressions of ICAM1 and MCP were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.700, P < 0.00001). The glomerular infiltrations of LFA1alpha+ and CR4+ cells were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.884, P < 0.00001), and both cell types were significantly correlated with urine protein (respectively, r = 0.426 and 0.478, P < 0.001 and 0.0001). When the change in these parameters between the time of the initial and follow-up biopsies was evaluated, there was a significant correlation between the change in glomerular expression of ICAM1 (DeltaICAM1) and MCP (DeltaMCP) as well as between the change in glomerular infiltration of LFA1alpha+ cells (DeltaLFA1alpha+) and CR4+ cells (DeltaCR4+). Both DeltaLFA1alpha+ and DeltaCR4+ were significantly correlated with the change in urine protein. These findings suggest that ICAM1/LFA1 interaction and MCP-mediated C3bi/C3biR interaction cooperate and participate in persistent glomerular infiltration of immune cells in immunoglobulin A nephropathy, and that these LFA1alpha+ and C3biR+ cells contribute to the induction of proteinuria.
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PMID:Intercellular adhesion molecule-1/leukocyte function associated antigen-1-mediated and complement receptor type 4-mediated infiltration and activation of glomerular immune cells in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. 871 20

Transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and renal disease. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) comprises a family of dimeric transcription factors that regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in inflammation and cell proliferation. Although NF-kappa B was initially identified in lymphocytes, it has been found to be a transcription factor present in virtually all cell types. In resting cells, NF-kappa B dimers remain in the cytoplasm in an inactive form bound to the inhibitory subunit I kappa B. Upon stimulation, I kappa B is phosphorylated, ubiquitinylated, and ultimately degraded by proteolytic cleavage by the proteasome system. As a result, NF-kappa B dimers are translocated into the nucleus and activate the transcription of target genes. Increasing data suggest a pivotal role for NF-kappa B in a variety of pathophysiological conditions in which either inflammation or cell number control are critical events. NF-kappa B has been found to be activated in experimental renal disease. Importantly, both in vivo and in vitro, NF-kappa B activation can be modulated by pharmacological maneuvers. Indeed, it is now widely acknowledged that the anti-inflammatory action of steroids is basically obtained through the inhibition of the transactivation of NF-kappa B-dependent genes. In addition, some of the beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins may, at least in part, be mediated by an inhibition of NF-kappa B activation. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in NF-kappa B regulation and its modulation may provide new tools to improve the treatment of renal diseases with a better sound pathophysiological approach.
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PMID:Transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and renal disease. 1116 23

Minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is a renal disease characterized by heavy glomerular proteinuria and increased production of cytokines by immune cells. Because of the central role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the regulation of cytokine expression, its activity during the relapse and remission phases of steroid-sensitive MCNS was analyzed. During relapse, nuclear extracts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells displayed high levels of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity, consisting primarily of p50/RelA (p65) complexes. NF-kappaB p65 and IkappaBalpha proteins were barely detected or not detected in cytosolic fractions during relapse, in contrast to remission. The lack of expression of IkappaBalpha protein was associated with downregulation of IkappaBalpha mRNA and increases in the levels of the mRNA encoding the proteasome alpha2 subunit proteolytic pathway. In addition, inhibition of proteasome activity induced cytosolic accumulation of phosphorylated IkappaBalpha and significant reductions in the NF-kappaB binding activity in nuclear extracts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients experiencing relapses. These results suggest that alterations in the NF-kappaB/IkappaBalpha regulatory feedback loop may contribute to the immunologic abnormalities that occur in steroidsensitive MCNS.
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PMID:Transcriptional and post-transcriptional alterations of IkappaBalpha in active minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. 1146 37

We previously reported that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate blocked nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and attenuated interstitial inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the rat obstructive nephropathy. Since pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate is an anti-oxidant and possesses additional biological properties, present experiment was conducted to clarify further the role of NF-kappaB in the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructed kidney using a proteasome inhibitor that blocks NF-kappaB through stabilizing IkappaB, an endogenous inhibitor of NF-kappaB. At 5 days following unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in rats, obstructed kidney exhibited tubulointerstitial fibrosis that was associated with macrophage infiltration. UUO decreased renal cortical IkappaB protein contents with concomitant increases in NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity and gene expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Administration of PSI, N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-Ile-Glu (O-t-Bu)-Ala-leucinal, a proteasome inhibitor, (3 mg/kg/day, s.c., b.i.d) to UUO rats inhibited proteasome activity and attenuated the changes in IkappaB content, NF-kappaB activity and MCP-1 mRNA expression observed in UUO rats. PSI also decreased macrophage influx and attenuated the development of fibrosis. Furthermore, up-regulated gene expression of pro-fibrogenic molecules observed in the obstructed kidney was attenuated by PSI. These results further support the notion that NF-kappaB plays an important role in the development of renal fibrosis in the obstructive nephropathy.
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PMID:Attenuation of renal fibrosis by proteasome inhibition in rat obstructive nephropathy: possible role of nuclear factor kappaB. 1296 39

Renal disease is a common complication of diabetes. The initiating events in diabetic nephropathy are triggered by hyperglycemia and, possibly, advanced glycation end products. Subsequently, excess levels of vasoactive peptides (especially endothelin-1 (ET-1)) accumulate in the diabetic kidney, and there is evidence that these peptides mediate many of the pathophysiological changes associated with diabetic renal disease. These changes include an excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins into the glomerular basement membrane and renal mesangial cell hypertrophy. Our transcriptional profiling studies have revealed that the p8 gene, which encodes a putative basic helix-loop-helix protein, is strongly induced in ET-1-treated renal mesangial cells and in an animal model of diabetic nephropathy. RNA interference experiments indicated that the p8 gene is required for ET-1-induced mesangial cell hypertrophy. Here, we show that the p8 polypeptide is a phosphoprotein subject to constitutive degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome system. This degradation is mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B/Akt. By contrast, stabilization of the p8 protein requires glycogen synthase kinase-3. Finally, short interfering RNA-mediated RNA interference experiments indicated that ET-1-stimulated mesangial cell hypertrophy and p8 mRNA induction require the NFAT4 transcription factor. Thus, p8 levels in the cell are likely maintained by a balance between signal-dependent transcriptional induction and proteolysis.
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PMID:The pro-hypertrophic basic helix-loop-helix protein p8 is degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome system in a protein kinase B/Akt- and glycogen synthase kinase-3-dependent manner, whereas endothelin induction of p8 mRNA and renal mesangial cell hypertrophy require NFAT4. 1501 2

Metabolic acidosis, a common condition in patients with renal failure, may be linked to protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and inflammation, together also known as malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS). Methods of serum bicarbonate measurement may misrepresent the true bicarbonate level, since the total serum carbon dioxide measurement usually overestimates the serum bicarbonate concentration. Moreover, the air transportation of blood samples to distant laboratories may lead to erroneous readings. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a significant number of endocrine, musculoskeletal, and metabolic abnormalities are believed to result from acidemia. Metabolic acidosis may be related to PEM and MICS due to an increased protein catabolism, decreased protein synthesis, endocrine abnormalities including insulin resistance, decreased serum leptin level, and inflammation among individuals with renal failure. Evidence suggests that the catabolic effects of metabolic acidosis may result from an increased activity of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome and branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. In contrast to the metabolic studies, many epidemiologic studies in maintenance dialysis patients have indicated a paradoxically inverse association between mildly decreased serum bicarbonate and improved markers of protein-energy nutritional state. Hence metabolic acidosis may be considered as yet another element of the reverse epidemiology in ESRD patients. Interventional studies have yielded inconsistent results in CKD and ESRD patients, although in peritoneal dialysis patients, mitigating acidemia appears to more consistently improve nutritional status and reduce hospitalizations. Large-scale, prospective randomized interventional studies are needed to ascertain the potential benefits of correcting acidemia in malnourished and/or inflamed CKD and maintenance hemodialysis patients. Until then, all attempts should be made to adhere to the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease and Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative guidelines to maintain a serum bicarbonate level in ESRD patients of at least 22 mEq/L.
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PMID:Metabolic acidosis and malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in chronic renal failure. 1566 May 76

Hypercholesterolemia (HC) and atherosclerosis often accompany and aggravate renal disease. Proteasome inhibitors (PSI) can decrease proliferation and inflammation, likely by reducing activation of the proinflammatory NF-kappaB. However, chronic proteasome inhibition has never been demonstrated in the HC kidney. Four groups of pigs (n = 7 each) were studied after a 12-wk normal (N) or 2% HC diet alone or supplemented (N+PSI and HC+PSI) with MLN-273 (0.08 mg/kg subcutaneously twice weekly). Renal hemodynamics and function were quantified in vivo using electron-beam computed tomography at baseline and after vasodilator challenge using acetylcholine. Renal tissue was studied ex vivo using immunoblotting, PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Serum cholesterol was similarly elevated in HC and HC+PSI. Basal renal blood flow was similar among the groups, whereas GFR was decreased in both N+PSI and HC+PSI. The blunted renovascular and functional responses to acetylcholine in HC were normalized in HC+PSI (suggesting renal endothelial function improvement), which was accompanied by decreased renal endothelin, NF-kappaB, and augmented endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. In parallel, HC+PSI animals also showed elevated NAD(P)H oxidase expression and circulating oxidized LDL, suggesting a potential for increased oxidative stress. This study shows that chronic PSI intervention in HC improves renal endothelial functional responses to challenge, possibly by modulating nitric oxide availability and endothelin. Furthermore, PSI may decrease intrarenal inflammation through modulation of the NF-kappaB pathway but may potentially increase oxidative stress, which warrants further investigation. This study may support a role for the ubiquitin/proteasome system in the kidney in HC and early atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Effects of proteasome inhibition on the kidney in experimental hypercholesterolemia. 1571 31

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disease characterized by non immune hemolytic anemia, low platelet count and renal impairment. In children, the disease is most commonly triggered by Shiga-like toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (Stx-E. Coli): however, renal function recovers in up to 70% of patients. Plasma infusion or exchange reduces mortality and the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in adult patients. Non-Shiga toxin-associated HUS (non-Stx-HUS), accounting for only 5-10% of all disease cases, can be sporadic or familial. Collectively, non-Stx-HUS forms have a poor outcome. Up to 50% of cases progress to ESRD or have irreversible brain damage, and 25% can die during the acute phase of the disease. Genetic studies have recently documented that the familial form is associated with genetic abnormalities of complement regulatory proteins, and evidence is now emerging that similar genetic alterations can predispose to sporadic cases of non-Stx-HUS as well. Mutations of genes encoding for factor H, a glycoprotein that plays an important role in the regulation of the alternative pathway of complement and for MCP, a widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein with an inhibitory role of activated C3, are reported in familial HUS. These mutations are more likely to predispose rather than to cause the disease directly.
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PMID:[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]. 1641 8

Even apparently healthy patients on dialysis have significant loss of lean body mass. Patients with chronic renal failure without coexisting metabolic acidosis or inflammation have decreased protein turnover, with balanced reduction in protein synthesis and breakdown. However, regional and whole-body protein kinetic studies indicate that hemodialysis (HD) induces net increase in protein breakdown. Whole-body protein turnover studies show that HD is associated with decreased protein synthesis, but proteolysis is not increased. Muscle protein kinetics studies, however, identify enhanced muscle protein breakdown with inadequate compensatory increases in synthesis as the cause of the catabolism. Transmembrane amino acid-transport kinetics studies show that the outward transport is increased more than the inward transport of amino acids during HD. Altered intracellular amino acid transport kinetics and protein turnover during HD could be caused by the loss of amino acids in the dialysate or cytokine activation. Cytokines may be released from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and skeletal muscle during HD. Preliminary evidence indicates that intradialytic increase in cytokines activates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. An intradialytic increase in albumin and fibrinogen synthesis is facilitated by interleukin-6 and the constant supply of amino acids derived from skeletal muscle catabolism. Protein anabolism can be induced in end-stage renal disease patients by repletion of amino acids, and perhaps treatment with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor.
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PMID:Amino Acid and protein kinetics in renal failure: an integrated approach. 1653 Jun 7

Effects of lifetime food restriction on erythrocytes and numerous clinical chemistry, thyroid, parathyroid, and acid-base variables are reported from a paired-feeding study of 25% diet restriction in dogs. The 48 dogs were paired by gender and weaning weight within litter, and 1 dog in each pair was fed 25% less than its pair mate, from age 8 weeks until death. Erythrocyte and serum biochemistry profiles were evaluated by annual sampling intervals and longitudinally. Erythrocyte variables were slightly higher among control-fed dogs, a possible reflection of the need to support both higher body fat mass and lean mass that uses energy less efficiently. Among serum biochemistry variables, glucose and triglyceride were lower among diet-restricted dogs, while creatinine was slightly higher in the absence of renal disease or failure, over the life spans of the dogs. Glucose outcomes reflect improved glucose tolerance that has been demonstrated with diet restriction protocols in several species, while triglyceride data may reflect the difference in total body fat cells between feeding groups. Creatinine outcomes may reflect lean mass responses to diet restriction or more efficient function of the intracellular proteasome. Serum triiodothyronine levels were lower among diet-restricted dogs. Other clinical chemistry and thyroid variables, parathyroid variables, and acid-base variables were not strongly influenced by diet restriction but revealed age-related effects.
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PMID:Influence of lifetime food restriction on physiological variables in Labrador retriever dogs. 1710 68


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