Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.24.B1 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)
 1,025 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The potential for avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks has increased in recent years. Thus, it is paramount to develop novel strategies to alleviate death rates. Here we show that avian influenza A H5N1-infected patients exhibit markedly increased serum levels of angiotensin II. High serum levels of angiotensin II appear to be linked to the severity and lethality of infection, at least in some patients. In experimental mouse models, infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus results in downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the lung and increased serum angiotensin II levels. Genetic inactivation of ACE2 causes severe lung injury in H5N1-challenged mice, confirming a role of ACE2 in H5N1-induced lung pathologies. Administration of recombinant human ACE2 ameliorates avian influenza H5N1 virus-induced lung injury in mice. Our data link H5N1 virus-induced acute lung failure to ACE2 and provide a potential treatment strategy to address future flu pandemics.
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PMID:Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from lethal avian influenza A H5N1 infections. 2480 Aug 25

This Viewpoint discusses insights from basic science and clinical perspectives on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)/severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the brain, with a particular focus on Parkinson's disease. Major points include that neuropathology studies have not answered the central issue of whether the virus enters central nervous system neurons, astrocytes or microglia, and the brain vascular cell types that express virus have not yet been identified. Currently, there is no clear evidence for human neuronal or astrocyte expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the major receptor for viral entry, but ACE2 expression may be activated by inflammation, and a comparison of healthy and infected brains is important. In contrast to the 1918 influenza pandemic and avian flu, reports of encephalopathy in COVID-19 have been slow to emerge, and there are so far no documented reports of parkinsonism apart from a single case report. We recommend consensus guidelines for the clinical treatment of Parkinson's patients with COVID-19. While a role for the virus in causing or exacerbating Parkinson's disease appears unlikely at this time, aggravation of specific motor and non-motor symptoms has been reported, and it will be important to monitor subjects after recovery, particularly for those with persisting hyposmia.
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PMID:COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism: from bench to bedside. 3288 37

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is the most important regulatory system of electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure and acts through angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor axis and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (1-7)/MAS receptor axis. RAS dysfunction is related to the occurrence and development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and causes a serious prognosis and even death. ALI/ARDS can be induced by various ways, one of which is viral infections, such as SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, H5N1, H7N9, and EV71. This article reviews the specific mechanism on how RAS dysfunction affects ALI/ARDs caused by viral infections. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 enter the host cells by binding with ACE2. H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza viruses reduce the ACE2 level in the body, and EV71 increases Ang II concentration. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker can alleviate ALI/ARDS symptoms. This review provides suggestions for the treatment of lung injury caused by viral infections.
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PMID:Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in Acute Lung Injury Caused by Viral Infection. 3311 92