Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.24.69 (botulinum neurotoxin)
 1,901 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

On January 16, 1997 two Germans got botulism after eating hot-smoked Canadian whitefish produced in Finland. The serum sample of one of the patients contained 6 MLD/ml of botulinum toxin. The type of toxin was identified as E by the toxin neutralization test and the botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) gene was also amplified from the serum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but C. botulinum could not be isolated from the positive serum sample. The remains of the hot-smoked whitefish eaten by the patients contained botulinum toxin detected by the mouse bioassay and the BoNT/E gene as determined by PCR. C. botulinum was isolated from the fish sample and it was confirmed to be type E by the mouse bioassay and by PCR. Eleven other fish samples from the same lot did not contain botulinum toxin nor any BoNT gene. The incriminated food was processed on the 9th and 10th of January, 1997 from frozen whitefish imported to Finland from Canada. The pulsed-field gel electrophoretic pattern of the isolated C. botulinum strain resembled a reference strain of North American origin. It did not match any C. botulinum strains isolated from the Baltic sea-bottom or from the fish caught in the area indicating that the fish was contaminated by C. botulinum in Canada. The conditions resulting in toxin production could not be identified. The safety problems associated with vacuum-packaged hot-smoked fish seem to be of utmost concern and the product is one of the most important botulism food vehicles processed on an industrial scale. Temperature monitoring and the use of time-temperature indicators are to be recommended in order to ensure adequate storage temperature from processing through to consumption. Allowing the use of nitrate and nitrite together with sufficiently high NaC1 concentration in this particular product should also be considered.
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PMID:Type E botulism associated with vacuum-packaged hot-smoked whitefish. 976 32

Recent reports confirm that the management of chronic anal fissure has undergone extensive re-evaluation during the past few years. This rejuvenation of interest is attributable to the application of neurochemical treatment, which has contributed to the tendency to treat the disease on an outpatient basis. The use of botulinum neurotoxin seems to be a promising and safe approach for the treatment of chronic anal fissure, particularly in patients at high risk for incontinence. Indeed, botulinum neurotoxin has been successfully used selectively to weaken the internal anal sphincter as a treatment for chronic anal fissure. It is also more efficacious than nitrate therapy, and is not related to the patient's willingness to complete treatment.
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PMID:Treating chronic anal fissure with botulinum neurotoxin. 1626 69