Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.24.59 (MIP)
 4,906 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The functional and structural properties of the dorsolateral frontal lobe and posterior parietal proximal arm representations were studied in macaque monkeys. Physiological mapping of primary motor (MI), dorsal premotor (PMd), and posterior parietal (area 5) cortices was performed in behaving monkeys trained in an instructed-delay reaching task. The parietofrontal corticocortical connectivities of these same areas were subsequently examined anatomically by means of retrograde tracing techniques. Signal-, set-, movement-, and position-related directional neuronal activities were distributed nonuniformly within the task-related areas in both frontal and parietal cortices. Within the frontal lobe, moving caudally from PMd to the MI, the activity that signals for the visuo-spatial events leading to target localization decreased, while the activity more directly linked to movement generation increased. Physiological recordings in the superior parietal lobule revealed a gradient-like distribution of functional properties similar to that observed in the frontal lobe. Signal- and set-related activities were encountered more frequently in the intermediate and ventral part of the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), in area MIP. Movement-and position-related activities were distributed more uniformly within the superior parietal lobule (SPL), in both dorsal area 5 and in MIP. Frontal and parietal regions sharing similar functional properties were preferentially connected through their association pathways. As a result of this study, area MIP, and possibly areas MDP and 7m as well, emerge as the parietal nodes by which visual information may be relayed to the frontal lobe arm region. These parietal and frontal areas, along with their association connections, represent a potential cortical network for visual reaching. The architecture of this network is ideal for coding reaching as the result of a combination between visual and somatic information.
Cereb Cortex
PMID:Cortical networks for visual reaching: physiological and anatomical organization of frontal and parietal lobe arm regions. 867 Jun 43

The anatomical and physiological substrata of eye-hand coordination during reaching were studied through combined anatomical and physiological techniques. The association connections of parietal areas V6A and PEc, and those of dorso-rostral (F7) and dorso-caudal (F2) premotor cortex were studied in monkeys, after physiological characterization of the parietal regions where retrograde tracers were injected. The results show that parieto-occipital area V6A is reciprocally connected with F7, and receives a smaller projection from F2. Local parietal projections to V6A arise from areas MIP and, to a lesser extent, 7m, PEa and PEC: On the contrary, parietal area PEc is strongly and reciprocally connected with the part of F2 located close to the pre-central dimple (pre-CD). Local parietal projections to PEc come from a distributed network, including PEa, MIP, PEci and, to a lesser extent, 7m, V6A, 7a and MST. Premotor area F7 receives parietal projections mainly from 7m and V6A, and local frontal projections mainly from F2. On the contrary, premotor area F2 in the pre-CD zone receives parietal inputs from PEc and, to a lesser extent, PEci, while in the peri-arcuate zone F2 receives parietal projections from PEa and MIP. Local frontal projections to F2 pre-CD mostly stem from F4, and, to a lesser extent, from F7 and F3, and CMAd; those addressed to peri-arcuate zone of F2 arise mainly from F5 and, to a lesser extent, from F7, F4, dorsal (CMAd) and ventral (CMAv) cingulate motor areas, pre-supplementary (F6) and supplementary (F3) motor areas. The distribution of association cells in both frontal and parietal cortex was characterized through a spectral analysis that revealed an arrangement of these cells in the form of bands, composed of cell clusters, or 'columns'. The reciprocal connections linking parietal and frontal cortex might explain the presence of visually related and eye-position signals in premotor cortex, as well as the influence of information about arm position and movement direction in V6A and PEC: The association connections identified in this study might carry sensory as well motor information that presumably provides a basis for a re-entrant signaling. This might be necessary to match retinal-, eye- and hand-related information underlying eye-hand coordination during reaching.
Cereb Cortex 2001 Jun
PMID:Eye-hand coordination during reaching. I. Anatomical relationships between parietal and frontal cortex. 1137 13

Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are quickly upregulated in response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the relationship between I/R-induced oxidative stress and cytokine/chemokine expression has not been elucidated. We investigated the temporal profile of cytokine and chemokine gene expression in transient focal cerebral ischemia using complementary DNA array technology. Among 96 genes studied, 10, 4, 11, and 5 genes were increased at 6, 12, 24, and 72 h of reperfusion, respectively, whereas, 4, 11, 8, and 21 genes, respectively, were decreased. To clarify the relationship between chemokines and oxidative stress, we compared the gene and protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) in wild-type (WT) mice and copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD 1) transgenic (Tg) mice. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and MIP-1 alpha mRNA were significantly upregulated at 6 to 12 h of reperfusion. In the SOD 1 Tg mice, however, MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha mRNA expression was significantly decreased 12 h postinsult. In the WT mice, MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha protein expression peaked 24 h after onset of reperfusion determined by immunohistochemistry. In the SOD 1 Tg mice, MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha immunopositive cells were reduced, as were concentrations of these proteins (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) at 24 h of reperfusion. Our results suggest that MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha expression is influenced by I/R-induced oxidative stress after transient focal stroke.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005 Oct
PMID:Superoxide dismutase 1 overexpression reduces MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia. 1582 14

Clinical experimental stroke induces injurious local brain inflammation. However, effects on the peripheral immune system have not been well characterized. We quantified mRNA and protein levels for cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors (CCR) in brain, spinal cord, peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph node, blood, and cultured mononuclear cells from these sources), and blood plasma after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham treatment in male C57BL/6 mice. Middle cerebral artery occlusion induced a complex, but organ specific, pattern of inflammatory factors in the periphery. At both 6 and 22 h after MCAO, activated spleen cells from stroke-injured mice secreted significantly enhanced levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-2. Unstimulated splenocytes expressed increased chemokines and CCR, including MIP-2 and CCR2, CCR7 and CCR8 at 6 h; and MIP-2, IP-10, and CCR1 and CCR2 at 22 h. Also at 22 h, T cells from blood and lymph nodes secreted increased levels of inflammatory cytokines after activation. As expected, there were striking proinflammatory changes in postischemic brain. In contrast, spinal cord displayed suppression of all mediators, suggesting a compensatory response to intracranial events. These data show for the first time that focal cerebral ischemia results in dynamic and widespread activation of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CCR in the peripheral immune system.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006 May
PMID:Experimental stroke induces massive, rapid activation of the peripheral immune system. 1612 Nov 26

The reference frame used by intraparietal cortex neurons to encode locations is controversial. Many previous studies have suggested eye-centered coding, whereas we have reported that visual and auditory signals employ a hybrid reference frame (i.e., a combination of head- and eye-centered information) (Mullette-Gillman et al. 2005). One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that sensory-related activity, which we studied previously, is hybrid, whereas motor-related activity might be eye centered. Here, we examined the reference frame of visual and auditory saccade-related activity in the lateral and medial banks of the intraparietal sulcus (areas lateral intraparietal area [LIP] and medial intraparietal area [MIP]) of 2 rhesus monkeys. We recorded from 275 single neurons as monkeys performed visual and auditory saccades from different initial eye positions. We found that both visual and auditory signals reflected a hybrid of head- and eye-centered coordinates during both target and perisaccadic task periods rather than shifting to an eye-centered format as the saccade approached. This account differs from numerous previous recording studies. We suggest that the geometry of the receptive field sampling in prior studies was biased in favor of an eye-centered reference frame. Consequently, the overall hybrid nature of the reference frame was overlooked because the non-eye-centered response patterns were not fully characterized.
Cereb Cortex 2009 Aug
PMID:Motor-related signals in the intraparietal cortex encode locations in a hybrid, rather than eye-centered reference frame. 1906 91