Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.24.56 (insulin-degrading enzyme)
 737 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

After insulin binds to its receptors, insulin-receptor complexes are internalized by absorptive endocytosis, and then insulin seems to be degraded in the intracellular sites. Although the degradation of insulin has been extensively studied, the sites and enzymes of intracellular degradation have still not been appeared. In order to clarify this problem, following experiments were performed. The effects on insulin degradation of the various inhibitors and anti-IDE serum were investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes and Bri-7 human cultured lymphocytes. N-ethylmaleimide and bacitracin, inhibitors which inhibit the activity of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), and anti-IDE serum were decreased insulin degradation in Bri-7 cells which does not contain lysosomal pathway. IDE mainly exists in the cytosol fraction, but also on the surface of various cell types. The kinetic changes of insulin receptors and cell surface IDE was determined in Bri-7 cells after preincubation with or without insulin. The concentration of cell surface IDE was determined by immunoenzymatic labeling method using anti-IDE serum. Bri-7 cells were preincubated with 10(-6) M insulin for 30 min to 18 h. Fifty percent of the receptors were lost at 6 h after the preincubation, and level of the receptors achieved a steady state at 18 h. Although the loss of surface IDE was slightly slower than that of receptors, the curves were essentially parallel to each other. Thus, the loss of cell surface receptors and IDE was directly related to the preincubation time. Furthermore, the recovery of decreased surface receptors and IDE was needed for 36 and 72 h, respectively. The alpha-subunit of insulin receptor (135 K) and IDE (110 K) were assessed by cross-linking of 125I-insulin to the plasma membrane and the cytosol of Bri-7 cells, respectively. Cell surface insulin receptor was decreased, whereas cytosolic IDE was increased in Bri-7 cells incubated with insulin. Thus, it is likely that both cell surface and cytosolic IDE, acting either individually or in concert, constitute a physiological mechanism by which the cellular response to insulin is terminated. These results suggest that IDE may play a major role in insulin degradation in the intact cell. Moreover, one possible mechanism of intracellular insulin degradation is that cell surface IDE may be internalized with the insulin receptor complex and may degrade insulin during the intracellular process.
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PMID:[Kinetic studies of insulin degrading enzyme in cultured human lymphocytes]. 304 72

Although insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) has been implicated in the intracellular degradation of insulin, the cellular localization of this enzyme is still controversial. In the present study, we have examined the cellular localization of IDE in the rat liver by three different techniques using monoclonal antibodies. First, direct immunohistochemical staining of rat liver with one of the monoclonal antibodies revealed that IDE immunoreactivity mainly exists in parenchymal cells, especially in the vicinity of the portal tract and also in the epithelium of the bile duct under light microscopy. In the electron microscopic study, IDE immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm near the rough endoplasmic reticulum but not in the plasma membrane, nucleus, or mitochondria. Second, immunoblotting analysis of the subcellular fraction in rat liver showed that the monoclonal antibody specifically reacted with a single polypeptide in the cytosolic fraction, of apparent Mr 110,000, which was consistent with the Mr of IDE. However, a polypeptide band corresponding to IDE could not be observed in the plasma membrane, mitochondrial, or lysosomal fraction. Third, IDE was only detectable in the cytosolic fraction by sandwich radioimmunoassay using two monoclonal antibodies. These results all suggest that IDE is a cytosolic enzyme.
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PMID:Cellular localization of insulin-degrading enzyme in rat liver using monoclonal antibodies specific for this enzyme. 304 64

The liver plays a major role in the metabolism of insulin, but the precise cellular mechanisms, the enzymes involved, and the products generated have only recently become clarified. The initial step in insulin degradation by the liver is binding to a cell membrane receptor, following which some insulin is degraded and the products released into the incubation medium, whereas some insulin is internalized and degraded intracellularly. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the degradation of insulin by hepatocytes produces products identical to those generated by the enzyme insulin protease. With both enzyme and intact hepatocytes, two A-chain cleavages and four major and three minor B-chain cleavages occur in intact insulin. It has also been demonstrated that internalized insulin is degraded in early endosomes, primarily by cleavages in the B chain and occurring prior to acidification of the endosome and thus prior to dissociation of insulin from its receptor. The initial cleavages in the B chain of insulin occur in the same sites as are cleaved by insulin protease, supporting a role for this enzyme, both in the extracellular and intracellular metabolism of insulin. These findings also indicate that lysosomes probably play a minor or secondary role for hepatic insulin metabolism.
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PMID:Hepatic metabolism of insulin. 305 96

The kidney is a major site for insulin removal and degradation, but the subcellular processes and enzymes involved have not been established. We have examined this process by analyzing insulin degradation products by HPLC. Monoiodoinsulin specifically labeled on either the A14 or B26 tyrosine residue was incubated with a cultured kidney epithelial cell line, and both intracellular and extracellular products were examined on HPLC. The products were then compared with products of known structure generated by hepatocytes and the enzyme insulin protease. Intracellular and extracellular products were different, suggesting two different degradative pathways, as previously shown in liver. The extracellular degradation products eluted from HPLC both before and after sulfitolysis similarly with hepatocyte products and products generated by insulin protease. The intracellular products also eluted identically with hepatocyte products. Based on comparisons with identified products, the kidney cell generates two fragments from the A chain of intact insulin, one with a cleavage at A13-A14 and the other at A14-A15. The B chain of intact insulin is cleaved in a number of different sites, resulting in peptides that elute identically with B chain peptides cleaved at B9-B10, B13-B14, B16-B17, B24-B25, and B25-B26. These similarities with hepatocytes and insulin protease suggest that liver and kidney have similar mechanisms for insulin degradation and that insulin protease or a very similar enzyme is involved in both tissues.
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PMID:High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of insulin degradation products from a cultured kidney cell line. 305 57

Although much remains to be learned, our understanding of the mechanisms and processes by which insulin is degraded has advanced considerably over the past few years. The roles of receptor binding and internalization in mediating insulin degradation have been clarified, and the endosomal pathway for intracellular insulin degradation has been established and partially characterized. The importance of IP (IDE) in cellular insulin degradation has been established and the importance of lysosomal degradation questioned. Studies on IP have identified the degradation products resulting from insulin metabolism by this enzyme and shown that the degradation products by IP are identical with those produced by isolated hepatocytes. A major remaining question for future investigation is the potential role of insulin degradation and intracellular processing in insulin action.
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PMID:Insulin degradation: mechanisms, products, and significance. 306 85

The effect of age and of prolonged caloric restriction on glucose tolerance and insulin responsiveness has been studied in male Fischer 344 rats. Beginning at 1 month of age dietary intake of an experimental group (R) was limited to 60% of that of the control group (AL) which was allowed to eat ad libitum. Studies were carried out at intervals up to 24 months of age. In AL rats the oral glucose tolerance curve showed progressively higher peak levels of plasma glucose with age, and a decrease in the plasma insulin concentration at the time of the glucose peak. The R group did not show the increase in peak value with age and the corresponding insulin concentration was lower than that of the AL group. These results are compatible with a delay in the first phase of insulin secretion in aging AL rats. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was assessed by the method of Reaven et al. [Diabetes, 32 (1983) 175], at ages 4, 12, 18 and 24 months; using infusions of 2 mU of insulin and 1 mg of glucose/min per kg, the steady-state plasma glucose level (SSPG) was slightly lower in R than in AL rats, while the steady-state plasma insulin level was reduced by 40-60%. In rats aged 18-24 months the hepatic glucose output, measured with [3-3H]glucose, was the same for AL and R rats in the basal state and was reduced to the same extent by insulin. In the presence of epinephrine and propranolol, infusion of glucose and insulin at various rates demonstrated that the plasma glucose clearance rate increased linearly with increasing SSPI, and at comparable SSPI levels was lower in R than in AL rats. The ability of insulin to stimulate glycogenesis from glucose was measured in primary hepatocyte cultures. Insulin increased glycogenesis 3-fold in cells from AL rats and 4-6-fold in cells from R rats. There was no effect of age. The increased insulin responsiveness of R rats was not due to an increase in insulin binding or to a decrease in insulin degradation (measured with intact cells or as cytosolic insulinase activity).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of diet restriction on glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness in aging rats. 306 1

The precise mechanism by which insulin is degraded in mammalian cells is not presently known. Several lines of evidence suggest that degradation is initiated by a specific nonlysosomal insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). The potential importance of this insulin protease is illustrated by the fact that there is an IDE in Drosophila melanogaster Kc cells that shares both physical and kinetic properties with its mammalian counterpart. We now demonstrate that the IDE is present in other Drosophila cell lines and in the embryo, the larvae, the pupae, and adult tissues of the fruit fly. Further, the level of the IDE is developmentally regulated, being barely detectable in the embryo but elevated approximately 5-fold in the larvae and pupae and approximately 10-fold in the adult fly. The IDE levels in the cell lines are particularly high, at least 10-fold greater than in the adult fly. Analysis of Schneider L3 cells indicates that the addition of the Drosophila hormone ecdysone, which induces differentiation of the cells, causes a small but reproducible increase in the level of the IDE and the insulin-degrading activity. These results demonstrate that the IDE is evolutionarily conserved and that its expression is tightly regulated during differentiation of Drosophila. The particular pattern of developmental regulation suggests that the IDE plays a specific and critical role in the later stages of the life cycle of the fly.
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PMID:Developmental regulation of an insulin-degrading enzyme from Drosophila melanogaster. 313 Jun 28

An insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) from the cytoplasm of Drosophila Kc cells has been purified and characterized. The purified enzyme is a monomer with an s value of 7.2 S, an apparent Km for porcine insulin of 3 microM, and a specific activity of 3.3 nmol of porcine insulin degraded/(min.mg). N-Terminal sequence analysis of the gel-purified enzyme gave a single, serine-rich sequence. The Drosophila IDE shares a number of properties in common with its mammalian counterpart. The enzyme could be specifically affinity-labeled with [125I]insulin, has a molecular weight of 110K, and has a pI of 5.3. Although Drosophila Kc cells grow at room temperature, the optimal enzyme activity assay conditions parallel those of the mammalian IDE: 37 degrees C and a pH range of 7-8. The Drosophila IDE activity, like the mammalian enzymes, is inhibited by bacitracin and sulfhydryl-specific reagents. Similarly, the Drosophila IDE activity is insensitive to glutathione as well as protease inhibitors such as aprotinin and leupeptin. Insulin-like growth factor II, equine insulin, and porcine insulin compete for degradation of [125I]insulin at comparable concentrations (approximately 10(-6) M), whereas insulin-like growth factor I and the individual A and B chains of insulin are less effective. The high degree of evolutionary conservation between the Drosophila and mammalian IDE suggests an important role for this enzyme in the metabolism of insulin and also provides further evidence for the existence of a complete insulin-like system in invertebrate organisms such as Drosophila.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of an insulin-degrading enzyme from Drosophila melanogaster. 313 25

Histologically the outer layer of the collar enameloid obviously differs from the inner layer, and it has a degree of mineralization nearly as high as the cap enameloid which has the highest. In the stage of matrix formation, the organic matrix of the collar enameloid contains a number of collagen fibers, and odontoblasts display features suggesting that these cells actively synthesized and secreted collagen. A number of cell processes, matrix vesicles and some cell debris which were probably derived from the odontoblasts were observed in the organic matrix of the collar enameloid. We consider that the majority of the organic matrix in collar enameloid originates from the odontoblasts. In the stage of maturation, collagen fibers were not observed in the outer layer of the collar enameloid in demineralized specimens. In the IDE cells during this stage, the complex infoldings of cell membranes developed in the distal portion, and several lysosomal granules and irregular-shaped granules containing many tubular structures, were observed in the distal cytoplasm. In the ODE cells, abundant labyrinthine canals appeared in the cytoplasm, and capillary vessels were found close to the outer surface of the ODE cells. We assume that the higher mineralized outer layer of the collar enameloid is made possible by the absorptive and transport functions of the epithelial cells during the stage of maturation. It is considered that the collar enameloid in this study was initially produced by the odontoblasts and then reconstructed by the epithelial cells, so that the collar enameloid differs from true enamel.
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PMID:The structure and development of the collar enameloid in two teleost fishes, Halichoeres poecilopterus and Pagrus major. 322 8

An analogue of rat insulin I was produced by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of a cloned rat preproinsulin I cDNA, followed by expression of a resulting mutant gene in Escherichia coli K-12 and proteolytic cleavage of mutant proinsulin isolated from this bacterium. The Tyr-to-Asp replacement at residue B16 in the insulin analogue had been expected to diminish the rate of cleavage of the molecule by the enzyme insulin proteinase, since the bond TyrB16-LeuB17, invariant in all mammalian species, had been proposed by other authors as one of the early, major sites of proteolytic attack. In the event the substitution had no measurable effect on the rate of degradation by insulin proteinase. Thus we find no support in these experiments for the hypothesis that the site in question is of primary importance in the degradation of rat insulin I by the enzyme.
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PMID:Engineered rat insulin I analogue having a B16 Tyr/Asp replacement exhibits unchanged susceptibility to cleavage by insulin proteinase. 327 19


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