Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.24.55 (PTR)
 433 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Karyotypic homology in relation to human chromosome 9 (HSA 9) was studied through comparative mapping of the immunoglobulin-processed pseudogene C epsilon 3 (IGHEP2) in primates. IGHEP2, which has been mapped to 9p24.2 --> p24.1 in the human genome, was assigned to PTR 11q34 (common chimpanzee), PPA 11q34 (pygmy chimpanzee), PPY 13q16 (orangutan), HLA 8qter (white-handed gibbon), HAG 8qter (agile gibbon), and MFU 14q22 (Japanese macaque) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. To verify the breakpoints of presumed pericentric inversions on the ancestral great ape chromosomes, three DNA markers on HSA 9, cCI9-37 (9q22.1 --> q22.2), cCI9-135 (9q22.32 --> q22.33), and cCI9-208 (9p13.3 --> p13.2), were also assigned to PTR/PPA 11p11 (cCI9-37 and 135), PTR/PPA 11q22 (cCI9-208), PPY 13q22 (cCI9-37 and 135), and PPY 13q12 (cCI9-208). These data more clearly define the position of the breakpoints of pericentric inversions that occurred in the human-chimp ancestral and chimpanzee ancestral chromosomes and support the hypothesis of HSA 9 genesis previously derived from banding analyses of HSA 9 and its homologs.
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PMID:Molecular anatomy of human chromosome 9: comparative mapping of the immunoglobulin processed pseudogene C epsilon 3 (IGHEP2) in primates. 864 93

Phylogenetic divergence of the members of the Pongidae family has been based on genetic evidence. The terminal repeat array (T2AG3) has lately been considered as an additional basis to analyze genomes of highly related species. The recent isolation of subtelomeric DNA probes specific for human (HSA) chromosomes 7q and 14q has prompted us to cross-hybridize them to the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (PTR), gorilla (GGO) and orangutan (PPY) to search for its equivalent locations in the great ape species. Both probes hybridized to the equivalent telomeric sites of the long (q) arms of all three great ape species. Hybridization signals to the 7q subtelomeric DNA sequence probe were observed at the telomeres of HSA 7q, PTR 6q, GGO 6q and PPY 10q, while hybridization signals to the 14q subtelomeric DNA sequence probe were observed at the telomeres of HSA 14q, PTR 15q, GGO 18q and PPY 15q. No hybridization signals to the chromosome 7-specific alpha satellite DNA probe on the centromeric regions of the ape chromosomes were observed. Our observations demonstrate sequence homology of the subtelomeric repeat families D7S427 and D14S308 in the ape chromosomes. An analogous number of subtelomeric repeat units exists in these chromosomes and has been preserved through the course of differentiation of the hominoid species. Our investigation also suggests a difference in the number of alpha satellite DNA repeat units in the equivalent ape chromosomes, possibly derived from interchromosomal transfers and subsequent amplification of ancestral alpha satellite sequences.
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PMID:Physical mapping of human 7q and 14q subtelomeric DNA sequences in the great apes. 933 Sep 13

Serum and peripheral blood leukocytes from the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the colony of the Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, were tested for the presence of STLV-I-specific antibodies and proviral DNA. Antibodies were determined by gelatin particle agglutination and Western blot (WB) assays utilizing HTLV-I antigens. Proviral DNA was detected by four PCR assays targeting three different regions of STLV-I genome: the fragments of the env and pol genes and LTR. Twenty of twenty-two DNA samples from WB-positive animals were PCR positive. None of the DNA samples from WB-negative (n = 5) and WB-indeterminate (n = 4) animals was PCR positive. The results of the nested and double nested env PCR tests were fully concordant; the seminested LTR PCR test was much less sensitive. The DNA sequences from the env (483 bp) and the pol (200 bp) genes and LTR (705 bp) were determined for six, two, and two chimpanzee STLV-I isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that chimpanzee STLV-I isolates can be attributed to three clades. The first of these clades (SS-PTR1/CSA) included STLV-I isolates from the chimpanzees and West African subspecies of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus a. sabaeus). The other clades (S-PTR2 and S-PTR3) included STLV-I isolates only from chimpanzees. However, both S-PTR2 and S-PTR3 clustered together with Central African HTLV-I comprising the human/simian clade (HS-HSA/PTR). This pattern of phylogenetic clustering suggests that interspecies transmission of STLV-I occurred between chimpanzees and African green monkey subspecies as well between chimpanzees and human populations in Central Africa.
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PMID:Phylogenetic analysis of simian T-lymphotropic virus Type I (STLV-I) in common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): evidence for interspecies transmission of the virus between chimpanzees and humans in Central Africa. 940 May 94

Almost a quarter of a century ago, the banding patterns of human and other higher primate chromosomes were compared, creating a barrage of speculation. Consequently, a number of approaches have been used to understand human descent. Chromosome modifications are believed to be important in the origin of species, and pericentric inversions account for the majority of evolutionary chromosomal alterations seen in Hominoidea. A comparative mapping fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, using locus-specific DNA probes as phylogenotic markers, was used to decipher the pericentric inversions of human chromosomes 11 and 12. Human-derived (Homo sapiens, HSA) DNA probes for GLI, HST and INT2 protooncogenes were used to identify their homologous locations in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, PTR), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla, GGO) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus, PPY). The INT2 and HST loci mapping results confirm the earlier putative claim that a pericentric inversion took place in HSA chromosome 11 and its equivalent PTR and GGO chromosomes. In addition, these data provide additional information regarding the orangutan's position on the evolutionary tree of Pongidae and Hominidae. GLI mapping reveals that a pericentric inversion occurred in the HSA chromosome 12 equivalent in PTR and GGO, but was not seen in HSA or PPY. These pericentric inversions in PTR and GGO may have occurred at a period when both PTR and GGO had branched off from the Hominoidae trunk. The use of loci-specific probes to decipher pericentric inversions has proved to be a formidable approach in characterizing chromosome rearrangements and providing further evidence on human descent.
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PMID:Evolutionary divergence of the oncogenes GLI, HST and INT2. 972 Mar

Relative phylogenetic divergence of the members of the Pongidae family has been based on genetic evidence. The recent isolation of subtelomeric probes specific for human (HSA) chromosomes 1q, 11p, 13q, and 16q has prompted us to cross-hybridize these to the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, PTR), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla, GGO), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus, PPY) to search for their equivalent locations in the great apes. Hybridization signals to the 1q subtelomeric DNA sequence probe were observed at the termini of human (HSA) 1q, PTR 1q, GGO 1q, PPY 1q, while the fluorescent signals to the 11p subtelomeric DNA sequence probe were observed at the termini of HSA 11p, PTR 9p, GGO 9p, and PPY 8p. Fluorescent signals to the 13q subtelomeric DNA sequence probe were observed at the termini of HSA 13q, PTR 14q, GGO 14q, and PPY 14q, and positive signals to the 16p subtelomeric DNA sequence probe were observed at the termini of HSA 16q, PTR 18q, GGO 17q, and PPY 19q. These findings apparently suggest sequence homology of these DNA families in the ape chromosomes. Obviously, analogous subtelomeric sequences exist in apes' chromosomes that apparently have been conserved through the course of differentiation of the hominoid species.
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PMID:Localization of subtelomeric sequences of human chromosomes 1q, 11p, 13q, and 16q in the higher primates. 1048 91

We have investigated the evolutionary history of the 4q35 paralogous region, and of a sub-family of interspersed LSau repeats. In HSA, 4q35 duplications were localized at 1q12, 3p12.3, 4q35, 10q26, 20cen, whereas duplicons and interspersed LSau repeats simultaneously labeled the p arm of acrocentric chromosomes. A multi-site localization of 4q35-like sequences was also observed in PTR, GGO, PPY, HLA (Hominoidea) and PAN (Old World monkey), thus indicating that duplications of this region have occurred extensively in the two clades, which diverged at least 25 million years ago. In HSA, PTR and PAN, 4q35-derived duplicons co-localized with rDNA, whereas in GGO and PPY this association was partially lacking. In PAN, the single- and multi-site distribution of rDNA and paralogous sequences, respectively, indicates a different timing of sequence dispersal. The sub-family of interspersed LSau repeats showed a lesser dispersal than 4q35 duplications both in man and great apes. This finding suggests that duplications and repeated sequences have undergone different expansion/contraction events during evolution. The mechanisms underlying the dispersal of paralogous regions may be further derived through studies comparing the detailed structural organization of these genomic regions in man and primates.
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PMID:Human genome dispersal and evolution of 4q35 duplications and interspersed LSau repeats. 1238 99

In addition to the fusion of human chromosome 2, nine pericentric inversions are the most conspicuous karyotype differences between humans and chimpanzees. In this study we identified the breakpoint regions of the pericentric inversion of chimpanzee chromosome 11 (PTR 11) homologous to human chromosome 9 (HSA 9). The break in homology between PTR 11p and HSA 9p12 maps to pericentromeric segmental duplications, whereas the breakpoint region orthologous to 9q21.33 is located in intergenic single-copy sequences. Close to the inversion breakpoint in PTR 11q, large blocks of alpha satellites are located, which indicate the presence of the centromere. Since G-banding analysis and the comparative BAC analyses performed in this study imply that the inversion breaks occurred in the region homologous to HSA 9q21.33 and 9p12, but not within the centromere, the structure of PTR 11 cannot be explained by a single pericentric inversion. In addition to this pericentric inversion of PTR 11, further events like centromere repositioning or a second smaller inversion must be assumed to explain the structure of PTR 11 compared with HSA 9.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of the pericentric inversion of chimpanzee chromosome 11 homologous to human chromosome 9. 1582 Mar 5

Analyses of chromosomal rearrangements that have occurred during the evolution of the hominoids can reveal much about the mutational mechanisms underlying primate chromosome evolution. We characterized the breakpoints of the pericentric inversion of chimpanzee chromosome 18 (PTR XVI), which is homologous to human chromosome 16 (HSA 16). A conserved 23-kb inverted repeat composed of satellites, LINE and Alu elements was identified near the breakpoints and could have mediated the inversion by bringing the chromosomal arms into close proximity with each other, thereby facilitating intrachromosomal recombination. The exact positions of the breakpoints may then have been determined by local DNA sequence homologies between the inversion breakpoints, including a 22-base pair direct repeat. The similarly located pericentric inversion of gorilla (GGO) chromosome XVI, was studied by FISH and PCR analysis. The p- and q-arm breakpoints of the inversions in PTR XVI and GGO XVI were found to occur at slightly different locations, consistent with their independent origin. Further, FISH studies of the homologous chromosomal regions in macaque and orangutan revealed that the region represented by HSA BAC RP11-696P19, which spans the inversion breakpoint on HSA 16q11-12, was derived from the ancestral primate chromosome homologous to HSA 1. After the divergence of orangutan from the other great apes approximately 12 million years ago (Mya), a duplication of the corresponding region occurred followed by its interchromosomal transposition to the ancestral chromosome 16q. Thus, the most parsimonious interpretation is that the gorilla and chimpanzee homologs exhibit similar but nonidentical derived pericentric inversions, whereas HSA 16 represents the ancestral form among hominoids.
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PMID:Independent intrachromosomal recombination events underlie the pericentric inversions of chimpanzee and gorilla chromosomes homologous to human chromosome 16. 1614 Sep 91