Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.24.3 (collagenase)
18,340 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cytokines and proteases are secreted by fibroblasts in response to particulate wear debris, and these proteins are felt to play an important role in the development of osteolysis and implant loosening. Although metallic and polyethlyene debris have been studied extensively, little is known about the cellular responses to hydroxyapatite, despite the wide clinical use of these materials. Therefore, the effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) and hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalciumphosphate (HA/TCP) on cellular proliferation, cytokine gene expression and protein secretion, protease synthesis, and gelatinolytic activity were investigated in human fibroblasts. HA and HA/TCP particles were synthesized, and their effects were compared to the responses elicited by titanium and cobalt chromium. Sample characterization by scanning electron microscopy and Coulter Counter demonstrated that the materials had a mean particle size of less than 10 microm, and all of the particles were compared using the same concentration ranges. Aliquots of particle suspensions were added to human fibroblasts maintained in tissue culture, and dose-response and time-course experiments were performed. Effects of the particles on fibroblast proliferation were assessed, and alterations in cytokine levels were determined by specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Cytokines that were evaluated included interleukin-1 (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), all of which have been demonstrated to enhance bone resorption and are associated with osteolysis and implant loosening. Gene expression was determined using Northern blot analysis with cytokine-specific probes, while secretion of the proteases collagenase and stromelysin was determined by Western blot analysis. Functional gelatinolytic assay was assessed using zymogram gels. The particles were evaluated in a concentration range from 0.000021 to 0.021 vol%. All of the particles produced increases in cellular proliferation up to 0.0021 vol%, with the largest increases being seen at 0.021 vol% with HA/TCP and titanium. At the highest concentration, both cobalt chromium and HA samples decreased cellular proliferation relative to lower doses, possibly representing cytotoxicity. Hydroxyapatite particles yielded a 30-fold increase in interleukin-6 secretion compared to unstimulated controls, which was also greater than three times the levels produced by cobalt chromium, titanium, or HA/TCP. HA particles also tripled the secretion of IL-1beta at 0.00021 vol%, and doubled TNF-alpha secretion at 0.021 vol%. Addition of conditioned media prepared by incubation of the particles in culture medium in the absence of cells did not alter the secretion of any of the cytokines. Northern blot analysis using IL-6 probes also demonstrated strong increases with HA compared to the other materials, suggesting that the action of the HA particles was at the level of transcription. Secretion of the protease collagenase was increased by all of the samples including HA when compared to unstimulated controls. Stromelysin secretion into the culture medium was decreased by cobalt chromium, but increased by titanium, HA, and HA/TCP. All of the particles including HA increased the gelatinolytic activity of the fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate that HA and HA/TCP particles are capable of stimulating the expression and secretion of cytokines and proteases that enhance bone resorption, and suggest that particulate debris from implants using these coatings may also increase osteolysis and loosening.
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PMID:Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts. 1151 71

A critical step in cancer growth and metastasis is the dissolution of the extracellular matrix surrounding the malignant tumor, which leads to tumor cell invasion and dissemination. Type I collagen degradation involves the initial action of collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -8, and -13) activated by MMP-3 (stromelysin-1). The role of interactive matrix serine proteinases (MSPs), including tumor-associated trypsinogens, has been unclear in collagenolysis. Now, we provide evidence that the major isoenzyme of human tumor-associated trypsinogens, trypsin-2, can directly activate three collagenolytic proMMPs as well as proMMP-3. These proMMP activations are inhibited by tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI). Furthermore, we demonstrate that trypsin-2 efficiently degrades native soluble type I collagen, which can be inhibited by TATI. However, cell culture studies showed that trypsin-2 transfection into the HSC-3 cell line did not result in MMP-1, -3, -8, and -13 activation but affected MMP-3 and -8 production at the protein level. These findings indicate that human trypsin-2 can be regarded as a potent tumor-associated matrix serine protease capable of being the initial activator of the collagenolytic MMP activation network as well as directly attacking type I collagen.
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PMID:Tumor-associated trypsinogen-2 (trypsinogen-2) activates procollagenases (MMP-1, -8, -13) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and degrades type I collagen. 1273 83

The aim of this study was to evaluate beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP Cerasorb Curasan-Germany) graft materials on specific parameters of rat osteoblast activity in vitro. Primary culture osteoblastic cells were isolated from neonatal rat calvaria by sequential collagenase digestion. To analyze the effect of biomaterials on cell proliferation, cell numbers and viability of the cells were cultured on the graft material for 24, 48 or 96 h. Osteoblast cells cultured in DMEF-12 media supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum were used as the control group. [3H]thymidine was added during the last 2 h of the incubation. The cell numbers of each well were counted. Cell viability was estimated by counting the number of cells, which excluded trypan blue solution. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe for visualizing the interactions between osteoblastic cells and TCP graft material. The proportion of cells undergoing DNA synthesis, estimated by thymidine uptake, was significantly (P<0.05) greater on the control group after the 24- and 48-h incubations. Regarding the cell numbers the difference was not statistically significant for the three time points. The number of viable cells recovered was similar for the two groups. No morphological differences were observed in cell morphology on TCP graft material and the control group. The results demonstrate that TCP graft material has no adverse effect on cell count, viability and morphology, and this material provides a matrix that favors limited cell proliferation.
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PMID:Effects of tricalcium phosphate bone graft materials on primary cultures of osteoblast cells in vitro. 1473 Nov 85

Biodegradable gelatin sponges at different contents of beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) were fabricated to allow bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 to incorporate into them. The in vivo osteoinduction activity of the sponges incorporating BMP-2 was investigated, while their in vivo profile of BMP-2 release was evaluated. The sponges prepared had an interconnected pore structure with an average pore size of 200 microm, irrespective of the beta-TCP content. The in vivo release test revealed that BMP-2 was released in vivo at a similar time profile, irrespective of the beta-TCP content. The in vivo time period of BMP-2 retention was longer than 28 days. When the osteoinduction activity of gelatin or gelatin-beta-TCP sponges incorporating BMP-2 was studied following the implantation into the back subcutis of rats in terms of histological and biochemical examinations, homogeneous bone formation was histologically observed throughout the sponges, although the extent of bone formation was higher in the sponges with the lower contents of beta-TCP. On the other hand, the level of alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin content at the implanted sites of sponges decreased with an increase in the content of beta-TCP. The gelatin sponge exhibited significantly higher osteoinduction activity than that of any gelatin-beta-TCP sponge, although every sponge with or without beta-TCP showed a similar in vivo profile of BMP-2 release. In addition, the in vitro collagenase digestion experiments revealed that the gelatin-beta-TCP sponge collapsed easier than the gelatin sponge without beta-TCP incorporation. These results suggest that the maintenance of the intrasponge space necessary for the osteoinduction is one factor contributing to the osteoinduction extent of BMP-2-incorporating sponges.
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PMID:Enhanced osteoinduction by controlled release of bone morphogenetic protein-2 from biodegradable sponge composed of gelatin and beta-tricalcium phosphate. 1576 65

It has traditionally been believed that only the human collagenases (matrix metalloproteinase-1, -8, and -13) are capable of initiating the degradation of collagens. Here, we show that human trypsin-2 is also capable of cleaving the triple helix of human cartilage collagen type II. We purified human trypsin-2 and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor by affinity chromatography whereas collagen type II was purified from cartilage extracts using pepsin digestion and salt precipitation. Degradation of type II collagen and gelatin by trypsin-2 was demonstrated with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, zymography, and mass spectrometry, and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor specifically inhibited this degradation. Although human trypsin-2 efficiently digested type II collagen, bovine trypsin did not. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining detected trypsin-2 in the fibroblast-like synovial lining and in stromal cells of human rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane. These findings were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. Trypsin-2 alone and complexed with alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor were also detected in the synovial fluid of affected joints by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay, suggesting that trypsin-2 is activated locally. These results are the first to assess the ability of human trypsin to cleave human type II collagen. Thus, trypsin-2 and its regulators should be further studied for use as markers of prognosis and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis.
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PMID:Trypsin-2 degrades human type II collagen and is expressed and activated in mesenchymally transformed rheumatoid arthritis synovitis tissue. 1619 46

This study proposed a novel scaffold with heterogeneous morphology that mimics the natural tissue. Its upper part contains a hollow cavity surrounded by a wall of poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous membrane for injecting cartilage tissue and cells. An interconnecting porous structure located under the hollow cavity was made of composite materials that combined PLGA and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) to simulate the subchondral bone. Adult pig articular cartilage was cut and sieved into small fragments. The tissue fragments was partially digested by 0.1% collagenase for 0, 2, 4, and 6 h and injected into the hollow cavity of the biphasic scaffold. The biphasic scaffolds were then implanted into the subcutaneous pocket of nude mice for 4 weeks. No tissue bonding or new cartilaginous tissue formation was identified in the cartilage fragment without enzymatic treatment. The cartilage fragments digested with 2 h of collagenase digestion were partially integrated after implantation. The integrative properties of the cartilage fragment depended on the extent of enzymatic digestion. Releasing cells at the tissue surface enhanced confluence and bonding of the cartilage fragment matrix. Complete integration of the cartilage fragments and cartilage remodeling were achieved by digestion of the tissue fragments with 4 h of enzymatic treatment. The neocartilage grew from the upper hollow cavity into the lower PLGA/beta-TCP porous structure, forming an interface similar to that formed between cartilage and subchondral bone. This study combined the osteochondral scaffold and limited cartilage tissues to generate cartilage tissue in vivo intending for repairing full-thickness articular cartilage defects.
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PMID:Injecting partially digested cartilage fragments into a biphasic scaffold to generate osteochondral composites in a nude mice model. 1717 87

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been shown to be involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DNP). We studied the levels, molecular forms, and degree of activation of urinary MMP-8, -9, -14, trypsin-1 and -2, as well as tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) of DNP patients and healthy controls. Urinary samples were analyzed for MMPs by Western blotting and gelatin zymography and for trypsin-1, -2, and TATI by time-resolved immunofluorometric assays. Total MMP-8 immunoreactivity, the proportion of active MMP-9, and gelatinolytic activity in urine were significantly higher in DNP patients than in controls. In urine of DNP patients the proportion of active polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-type (but not fibroblast-type) MMP-8 was increased. MMP-8 and MMP-9 were found to form high molecular weight complexes in DNP urine. Total immunoreactivity of soluble urinary MMP-14 and the levels of trypsin (TRY)-1 and TRY-2, but not of TATI, were also significantly increased in DNP. Zymography, Western blotting, and immunofluorometric analysis of DNP urine showed a significant association especially between activation of MMP-9 as well as PMN-type MMP-8 and TRY-2. Our findings suggest that a trypsin-MMP cascade is involved in the pathogenesis of DNP, which may offer new possibilities for diagnosis and treatment of DNP with MMP inhibitors.
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PMID:Urinary matrix metalloproteinase -8, -9, -14 and their regulators (TRY-1, TRY-2, TATI) in patients with diabetic nephropathy. 1842 24

Collagen-Chitosan (COL-CS) scaffolds supplemented with different concentrations (0.1-0.5%) of aloe vera (AV) were prepared and tested in vitro for their possible application in tissue engineering. After studying the microstructure and mechanical properties of all the composite preparations, a 0.2% AV blended COL-CS scaffold was chosen for further studies. Scaffolds were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) to understand the intermolecular interactions and their influence on the thermal property of the complex composite. Swelling property in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) and in vitro biodegradability by collagenase digestion method were monitored to assess the stability of the scaffold in a physiological medium in a hydrated condition, and to assay its resistance against enzymatic forces. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the scaffold samples showed porous architecture with gradual change in their morphology and reduced tensile properties with increasing aloe vera concentration. The FTIR spectrum revealed the overlap of the AV absorption peak with the absorption peak of COL-CS. The inclusion of AV to COL-CS increased the thermal stability as well as hydrophilicity of the scaffolds. Cell culture studies on the scaffold showed enhanced growth and proliferation of fibroblasts (3T3L1) without exhibiting any toxicity. Also, normal cell morphology and proliferation were observed by fluorescence microscopy and SEM. The rate of cell growth in the presence/absence of aloe vera in the scaffolds was in the order: COL-CS-AV > COL-CS > TCP (tissue culture polystyrene plate). These results suggested that the aloe vera gel-blended COL-CS scaffolds could be a promising candidate for tissue engineering applications.
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PMID:Preparation and characterization of aloe vera blended collagen-chitosan composite scaffold for tissue engineering applications. 2383 42

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