Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.23.5 (cathepsin D)
4,130 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intracisternal granules (ICGs) are insoluble aggregates of pancreatic digestive enzymes and proenzymes that develop within the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of exocrine pancreatic cells, especially in guinea pigs. These ICGs are eliminated by autophagy. By morphological criteria, we identified three distinct and sequential classes of autophagic compartments, which we refer to as phagophores, Type I autophagic vacuoles, and Type II autophagic vacuoles. Lobules of guinea pig pancreas were incubated in media containing HRP for periods of 5-120 min to determine the relationship between the endocytic and autophagic pathways. Incubations with HRP of 15 min or less labeled early endosomes at the cell periphery that were not involved in autophagy of ICGs, but after these short incubations none of the autophagic compartments were HRP positive. After 30-min incubation with HRP, early endosomes at the cell periphery, late endosomes in the pericentriolar region, and, in addition, Type I autophagic vacuoles containing ICGs were all labeled by the tracer. Type II autophagic vacuoles were not labeled after 30-min incubation with HRP but were labeled after incubations of 60-120 min. Phagophores did not receive HRP even after 120 min incubations. We concluded that the autophagic and endocytic pathways converge immediately after the early endosome level and that Type I autophagic vacuoles precede Type II autophagic vacuoles on the endocytic pathway. We studied the distribution of acid phosphatase, lysosomal proteases and cation-independent-mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR) in the three classes of autophagic compartments by histochemical and immunocytochemical methods. Phagophores, the earliest autophagic compartment, contained none of these markers. Type I autophagic vacuoles contained acid phosphatase but, at most, only very low levels of cathepsin D and CI-M6PR. Type II autophagic vacuoles, by contrast, are enriched for acid phosphatase, cathepsin D, and other lysosomal enzymes, and they are also enriched for CI-M6PR. Moreover, soluble fragments of bovine CI-M6PR conjugated to colloidal gold particles heavily labeled Type II but not Type I autophagic vacuoles, and this labeling was specifically blocked by mannose-6-phosphate. This indicates that the lysosomal enzymes present in Type II autophagic vacuoles carry mannose-6-phosphate monoester residues. Using 3-C2, 4-dinitroanilino-3'-amino-N-methyldipropylamine (DAMP), we showed that Type II autophagic vacuoles are acidic. We interpret these findings as indicating that Type II autophagic vacuoles are a prelysosomal compartment in which the already combined endocytic and autophagic pathways meet the delivery pathway of lysosomal enzymes.
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PMID:In exocrine pancreas, the basolateral endocytic pathway converges with the autophagic pathway immediately after the early endosome. 216 50

Lysosomes as well as a prelysosomal compartment rich in the mannose 6-phosphate receptor are clustered close to the Golgi apparatus in the perinuclear region of the microtubule organizing center in interphase human skin fibroblasts. The spatial organization of these organelles depends on an intact microtubule network. Depolymerization of the microtubules by treatment of cells with nocodazole leads to random scattering of Golgi elements, the prelysosomal compartment, and lysosomes throughout the cytoplasm. To test whether microtubules and the spatial organization of these organelles are important for efficient transport of lysosomal enzymes, the effect of microtubule depolymerization on the maturation of newly synthesized cathepsin D was studied. An up to fivefold inhibition of proteolytic maturation of cathepsin D was observed in drug-treated cells. This effect was due to a decreased rate of transport of cathepsin D from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes. Depolymerization of microtubules did not inhibit transport of cathepsin D from the endoplasmic reticulum to the trans-Golgi network. Furthermore, synthesis of the phosphomannosyl marker present on cathepsin D was not affected by nocodazole. These results suggest that efficient transport of cathepsin D from the Golgi apparatus to a prelysosomal compartment and lysosomes is facilitated by microtubules and the spatial organization of these organelles.
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PMID:Microtubule depolymerization inhibits transport of cathepsin D from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes. 217 66

Localization of carboxyl proteinase (cathepsin D) and cysteine proteinases (cathepsins B, H, and L) in Golgi region was studied using an immunoenzyme technique. Rat livers and kidneys were used. The results obtained from the livers were similar to those from the kidneys. All cathepsins were detected in lysosomal compartments such as secondary lysosomes, multivesicular bodies (endosomes), and autophagosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), including nuclear envelope was focally stained. Most of Golgi cisternae were negative, but sometimes only one cisterna or the terminal portion of the cisterna were stained focally. Rarely, the trans Golgi network (TGN) was positive for the proteinases. Among numerous Golgi vesicles, only a few of them were stained. The positive vesicles were divided into two groups, one had a bristle coat and heavily stained, and other were smaller than 40 nm in diameter and weakly stained. The small vesicles seemed to bud from the ER and to fuse with the Golgi cisternae, while the large clathrin-coated vesicles seem to bud from the TGN. The results suggests that cathepsins are transported by vesicular system from the rER to lysosomes via Golgi apparatus. In addition, it is suggested that the small vesicles transport the proteinases from the ER to the Golgi cisternae and the large clathrin-coated vesicles from the Golgi cisternae to the lysosomes.
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PMID:Immunoenzyme localization of cathepsins in the Golgi region of rat hepatocytes and renal tubule cells. 227 58

Our recent studies have shown that cathepsin L is first synthesized as an enzymatically inactive proform in endoplasmic reticulum and is successively converted into an active form during intracellular transport and we postulated that aspartic proteinases would be responsible for the intracellular propeptide-processing step of procathepsin L accompanied by the activation of enzyme (Y. Nishimura, T. Kawabata, and K. Kato (1988) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 261, 64-71). To better understand this proposed mechanism, we investigated the effect of pepstatin, a potent inhibitor of aspartic proteinases, on the intracellular processing kinetics of cathepsin L analyzed by pulse-chase experiments in vivo with [35S]methionine in the primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. In the pepstatin-treated cells, the proteolytic conversion of cellular procathepsin L of 39 kDa to the mature enzyme was significantly inhibited and considerable amounts of proenzyme were found in the cell after 5-h chase periods. Further, the subcellular fractionation experiments demonstrated that the intracellular processing of procathepsin L in the high density lysosomal fraction was significantly inhibited and that considerable amounts of the procathepsin L form were still observed in the light density microsomal fraction after 2 h of chase. These results suggest that pepstatin treatment caused a significant inhibitory effect on the intracellular processing and also on the intracellular movement of procathepsin L from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosomes. These findings provide the first evidence showing that aspartic proteinase may play an important role in the intracellular proteolytic processing and activation of lysosomal cathepsin L in vivo. Therefore, we suggest that cathepsin D, a major lysosomal aspartic proteinase, is more likely to be involved in this proposed model in the lysosomes.
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PMID:Evidence that aspartic proteinase is involved in the proteolytic processing event of procathepsin L in lysosomes. 265 11

Despite the clear differences between the amino acid sequence and enzymatic specificity of aspartic and cysteine endopeptidases, the biosynthetic processing of lysosomal members of these two families is very similar. With in vitro translation and pulse-chase analysis in tissue culture cells, the biosynthesis of cathepsin D, a aspartic protease, and cathepsins B, H and L, cysteine proteases, are compared. Both aspartic and cysteine endopeptidases undergo cotranslational cleavage of an amino-terminal signal peptide that mediates transport across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Addition of high-mannose carbohydrate also occurs cotranslationally in the lumen of the ER. Proteases of both enzyme classes are initially synthesized as inactive proenzymes possessing amino-terminal activation peptides. Removal of the propeptide generates an active single-chain enzyme. Whether the single-chain enzyme undergoes asymmetric cleavage into a light and a heavy chain appears to be cell type specific. Finally, late during their biosynthesis both classes of enzymes undergo amino acid trimming, losing a few amino acid residues at the cleavage site between the light and heavy chains and/or at their carboxyltermini. During biosynthesis these enzymes are also secreted to some extent. In most cells the secreted enzyme is the proenzyme bearing some complex carbohydrate. Under certain physiological conditions the inactive secreted enzymes may become activated as a result of a conformational change that may or may not result in autolysis. Analysis of the biochemical nature of the various processing steps helps define the cellular pathway followed by newly synthesized proteases targeted to the lysosome.
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PMID:Biosynthesis of lysosomal endopeptidases. 266 88

Open thyroid follicles were prepared by mechanical disruption of pig thyroid fragments through a metal sieve. This procedure allowed preparation of thyroid-cell material depleted of colloid thyroglobulin. Open thyroid follicles were used to prepared a crude particulate fraction, which contained lysosomes, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. These organelles were subfractionated by isopycnic centrifugation on iso-osmotic Percoll gradients. A lysosomal peak was identified by its content of acid hydrolases: acid phosphatase, cathepsin D, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase. The lysosomal peak was well separated from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The lysosomal peak, from which Percoll was removed by centrifugation, was taken as the purified lysosome fraction (L). Lysosomes of fraction L were purified 45-55-fold (as compared with the homogenate) and contained about 5% of the total thyroid acid hydrolase activities. Electron microscopy showed that fraction L was composed of an approx. 90% pure population of lysosomes, with an average diameter of 220 nm. Acid hydrolase activities were almost completely (80-90%) released by an osmotic-pressure-dependent lysis. Thyroglobulin was identified by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis as a soluble component of the lysosome fraction. In conclusion, a 50-fold purification of pig thyroid lysosomes was achieved by using a new tissue-disruption procedure and isopycnic centrifugation on Percoll gradient. The presence of thyroglobulin indicates that the lysosome population is probably composed of primary and secondary lysosomes. Isolated thyroid lysosomes should serve as an interesting model to study the reactions whereby thyroid hormones are generated from thyroglobulin and released into the thyroid cells.
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PMID:Isolation of pig thyroid lysosomes. Biochemical and morphological characterization. 300 8

As a first step in studies on the molecular mechanism(s) underlying gentamicin toxicity, the effect of treating rats with this aminoglycoside antibiotic (100 mg/kg once or twice daily for 3 days) on the analytical subfractionation of the kidney cortex has been examined. DNA was used as a marker for the nuclei, cytochrome oxidase for mitochondria, acid phosphatase for lysosomes, catalase for peroxisomes (with reservations; see the companion paper), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase for the endoplasmic reticulum, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-mannosidase (at pH 5.5) for the Golgi apparatus, AMPase for the plasma membrane in general and alkaline phosphatase for the brush border, and lactate dehydrogenase for the cytosol. In addition, the presumptive lysosomal hydrolases N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-mannosidase (at pH 4.5), cathepsin D, and DNase II were monitored. Electron microscopy was also performed on the subfractions obtained. The only significant biochemical changes brought about by gentamicin treatment were that N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase demonstrated both a greater total activity and a larger enrichment in the 104,000gav pellet, while p-nitrophenyl-alpha-mannosidase at pH 4.5 demonstrated the same total activity and a greater enrichment in the 104,000gav pellet. Since myeloid bodies were shown by electron microscopy to sediment primarily with the 500gav and 10,000gav pellets, the biochemical changes seen cannot be associated with these morphological structures. These findings suggest that selective changes in a certain subpopulation(s) of lysosomes or in certain lysosomal enzymes may be involved in the early stages of gentamicin toxicity. On the other hand, no lysosomal membrane damage was observed here, since both the latency of acid phosphatase and the recovery of this activity in the soluble cytosol were unchanged. The present investigation may also have relevance for the dosage and duration of gentamicin treatment chosen in clinical situations.
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PMID:Biochemical effects of gentamicin on rat kidney cortex. II. Analytical subfractionation after short-term, high-dose treatment. 303 Aug

Procathepsin H in kidney and liver microsomal lumen was identified to have a molecular mass of 41 kDa by immunoblot analysis. The proenzyme was then concentrated by applying the microsomal contents to a concanavalin A-Sepharose column. When the concanavalin A-adsorbed fraction was incubated at pH 4.0 at 20 degrees C, the activity measured with synthetic substrate increased 3.5 times over that of the control after 24 h incubation. Immunoblot analysis showed that acidic treatment caused the disappearance of procathepsin H. Thus the proenzyme might be processed to the mature enzyme under acidic conditions. The marked increase of enzymatic activity and the conversion of proenzyme were completely blocked with pepstatin which is a potent inhibitor of aspartic proteases. These results suggested that a protease for processing procathepsin H might be cathepsin D, a major lysosomal aspartic protease. Therefore, procathepsin H seems to be synthesized first in the enzymatically inactive form in endoplasmic reticulum and successively converted into the active form in lysosomes during biosynthesis.
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PMID:Identification of latent procathepsin H in microsomal lumen: characterization of proteolytic processing and enzyme activation. 327 36

Procathepsins B and L in the hepatic endoplasmic lumen were identified as having a molecular weight of 39,000 by immunoblot analysis. The proenzymes were then purified to remove the mature enzymes by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography. The concanavalin A-adsorbed fractions containing the proenzymes showed no appreciable activities of cathepsins B and L. When those fractions were incubated at pH 3.0, the enzymatic activities markedly increased: the activities of cathepsins B and L after 36 h incubation were 60 and 210 times those of the controls, respectively. Immunoblot analysis showed that after 36 h incubation the proenzymes disappeared and the mature enzymes increased. Thus the proenzymes were processed to the mature enzymes under acidic conditions of pH 3.0. The marked increases of enzymatic activities and the conversion of the proenzymes to the mature forms were completely blocked with pepstatin, which is a potent inhibitor of aspartic proteases. The results strongly suggested that a processing protease for procathepsins B and L might be cathepsin D, a major lysosomal aspartic protease. Indeed, lysosomal cathepsin D could convert microsomal procathepsin B to the mature enzyme in vitro. Therefore, procathepsins B and L seem first to be synthesized as enzymatically inactive forms in endoplasmic reticulum and successively may be converted into active forms by cathepsin D in lysosomal compartments.
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PMID:Identification of latent procathepsins B and L in microsomal lumen: characterization of enzymatic activation and proteolytic processing in vitro. 334 79

Rats infused with a dose of the secretagogue caerulein that is in excess of that which stimulates a maximal rate of pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion develop acute edematous pancreatitis. We have previously noted that infusion of this dose of caerulein (5 micrograms . kg-1 . h-1) induces the appearance of large heterogeneous vacuoles in acinar cell, blockade of exocytosis, and intracellular accumulation of digestive zymogens [O. Watanabe et al. Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 9): G457-G467, 1984 and A. Saluja et al. Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 12): G702-G710, 1985]. The current studies were performed to further elucidate these phenomena at the electron microscopic level of resolution and employed the techniques of pulse labeling, radioautography, and immunolocalization. Rats were infused with caerulein (5 micrograms . kg-1 . h-1) for 1 h, given a pulse of [3H]phenylalanine, and killed at selected times during the subsequent 5- to 180-min postpulse period during which caerulein infusion was continued. Transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi cisternae was not altered by supramaximal stimulation, but transport through post-Golgi elements was altered. In particular, the maturation of condensing vacuoles into zymogen granules was found to be impaired. This led to the accumulation of partially condensed vacuoles and to the development of the large vacuoles containing newly synthesized digestive zymogens as well as the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin D. The source of the latter could be impaired sorting of lysosomal and digestive enzymes and/or fusion of vacuoles with lysosomes. At the later times after pulse labeling, mature zymogen granules were also found to fuse with these large cathepsin D-containing vacuoles by a process analogous to crinophagy. Thus these studies indicate that the large heterogeneous vacuoles that appear during supramaximal secretagogue stimulation and that contain admixed digestive zymogens and lysosomal hydrolases arise by at least two mechanisms, impaired condensing vacuole maturation and crinophagy.
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PMID:Intracellular transport of pancreatic zymogens during caerulein supramaximal stimulation. 366 11


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