Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.23.5 (cathepsin D)
 4,130 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The procedure of Barrett [(1973) Biochem. J.131, 809-822] for isolating cathepsins B and D from human liver was modified for use with rat liver and skeletal muscle. The purified enzymes appeared to be similar to those reported in other species. 2. Sephadex G-75 chromatography of concentrated muscle extract resolved two peaks of cathepsin B inhibitory activity, corresponding to molecular weights of 12500 and 62000. 3. The degradation of purified myofibrillar proteins by cathepsins B and D was clearly demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After incubation with enzyme, the polypeptide bands representing the substrates decreased in intensity and lower molecular weight products appeared. 4. Cathepsins B and D, purified from either rat liver or skeletal muscle, were shown to degrade myosin, purified from either rabbit or rat muscle. Soluble denatured myosin was degraded more extensively than insoluble native myosin. Degradation by cathepsin B was inhibited by lack of reducing agent, or by myoglobin, iodoacetic acid and leupeptin, but not by pepstatin. The same potential modifiers were applied to cathepsin D, and only pepstatin produced inhibition. 5. Rat liver cathepsin B had a pH optimum of 5.2 on native rabbit myosin. The pH optimum of cathepsin D was 4.0, with a shoulder of activity about 1pH unit above the optimum. 6. Rat liver cathepsins B and D were demonstrated to degrade rabbit F-actin at pH5.0, and were inhibited by leupeptin and pepstain, respectively. 7. The degradation of myosin and actin by cathepsin D was more extensive than that by cathepsin B.
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PMID:Degradation of myofibrillar proteins by cathepsins B and D. 2 66

This study reports an identification of the major processing products of an exogenous protein antigen, viz, sperm-whale myoglobin, as obtained after cell-free processing with partially purified macrophage endosomes. It is demonstrated that such a system yields fragments that are indistinguishable by high performance liquid chromatography analysis from those generated after uptake of myoglobin inside live macrophages. The concerted action of the endosomal proteases cathepsin D and cathepsin B can account for nearly all cleavages observed. Cathepsin D appears to be mainly responsible for the initial cleavage of myoglobin, while cathepsin B catalyzes the C-terminal trimming of initially released fragments. The fragments released by cathepsin D contain most, if not all, major epitopes for murine myoglobin-specific helper T cells. Interestingly, each known T cell epitope of myoglobin is located at the very N terminus of a different myoglobin fragment released upon processing. In order to explain this correspondence, noted also in several other protein antigens, a structural relationship is proposed between antigen processing by cathepsin D and antigen recognition by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II products. As is demonstrated here, this relationship may be used as a predictive tool for the identification of MHC-binding sequences as well as of T cell epitopes in their naturally occurring form.
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PMID:Antigen processing by endosomal proteases determines which sites of sperm-whale myoglobin are eventually recognized by T cells. 171 6

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effectiveness of different biochemical markers used clinically or proposed for the post mortem diagnosis of myocardial infarction in medico-legal practice. We analyzed seven biochemical parameters (CK, CK-MB, LDH, myoglobin, myosin, cathepsin D and total proteins) in pericardial fluid, vitreous humor and femoral vein serum from 34 cadavers. The results were compared with data from macro- and microscopic studies. Our results suggest that biochemical markers are applicable in cases in which the lack of morphological data makes diagnosis uncertain, and are helpful in ruling out myocardial infarction. The sample material of choice for biochemical tests is the pericardial fluid, and the most informative markers are myoglobin, myosin, CK-MB and cathepsin D.
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PMID:Biochemical and morphological markers in the post mortem diagnosis of ischemic heart distress. 213 59

Eight liver biopsy specimens from five patients with PAS-negative intracisternal hyalin were investigated by immunofluorescence for: (1) immunoglobulins (Ig) G, A, M, D, E; (2) light chains (kappa and lambda); (3) complement components C1q, C4, C3c, C5, C9; (4) C1-inactivator; (5) C3-activator; (6) alpha 1-antitrypsin; (7) alpha 1-antichymotrypsin; (8) plasminogen; (9) fibrinogen; (10) fibrinogen breakdown products D and E; (11) fibronectin; (12) prealbumin; (13) albumin; (14) betalipoprotein; (15) apolipoprotein; (16) alpha 1- and alpha 2-glycoprotein; (17) cholinesterase; (18) ceruloplasmin; (19) haemopexin; (20) myoglobin; (21) placenta lactogen; (22) transferrin; (23) actin; (24) myosin; (25) cathepsin D; and (26) hepatitis B surface and core antigens (HBsAg and HBcAg). The globules reacted significantly with antisera against C3c (three patients), C4 (three patients), C3-activator (one patient) and fibrinogen (two patients). The cause of the protein accumulation is not clear. Serial studies indicate the possibility of a disturbance of protein secretion and an as yet unidentified immune complex disorder.
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PMID:Immunohistological investigations of PAS-negative globular intracisternal hyalin in human liver biopsy specimens. 285 88

An acid proteinase of Dirofilaria immitis worms was purified 437-fold by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 followed by pepstatin-Agarose gel affinity chromatography. The enzyme with a molecular weight of 42 kDa was homogeneous as judged by both affinity chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis at pH 8.9, however, revealed that the enzyme was composed of five multi-forms, all carrying proteinase activity. Optimum pH of the enzyme was in the range of pH 2.8 to 3.4, and its isoelectric point ranged between 5.8 and 6.4. The purified proteinase showed a potent activity against hemoglobin and myoglobin releasing acid soluble peptides, but not free amino acids. When enzymatic properties of the proteinase was compared with mammalian cathepsin D and pepsin, D. immitis proteinase activity was reduced to about 80% of the initial activity by incubating at neutral pH and 50 degrees C for 5 min, just like cathepsin D, which remained intact. Pepsin activity was completely destroyed under the same condition. An aspartic proteinase inhibitor, 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, which inhibited pepsin by 30% at 37 degrees C for 10 min, did show little effects on D. immitis proteinase and cathepsin D. Inhibitory effect of diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester (DAN) on D. immitis proteinase was intermediate (50% after 60 min). Immunolocalization of the proteinase in the worm tissue using its monoclonal antibodies revealed that the enzyme was localized in the intestine as well as uterine wall and some small granules of microfilariae in the uterus.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of an acid proteinase from Dirofilaria immitis worms. 854 Mar 32

Whether specific proteases influence MHC class II antigen presentation is still not clearly defined. Cathepsin D, one of the most abundant lysosomal proteases, is thought to be dispensable for MHC class II antigen presentation, yet in vitro digestions of antigen substrates with endosomes/lysosomes from antigen-presenting cells sometimes reveal a dominant role for pepstatin-sensitive aspartyl proteases of which cathepsin D is the major representative. We tested whether the aspartyl protease substrate myoglobin requires cathepsin D activity for presentation to T cells. Surprisingly, in dendritic cells (DC) lacking cathepsin D, presentation of two different myoglobin T cell epitopes was enhanced rather than hindered. This paradox is resolved by the finding that pepstatin-sensitive myoglobin processing activity persists in lysosomes from cathepsin D-null DC and that this reduced activity, most likely due to cathepsin E, is closer to the optimum level required for myoglobin antigen presentation. Our results indicate redundancy among lysosomal aspartyl proteases and show that while processing activities can be productive for MHC class II T cell epitope generation at one level, they can become destructive above an optimal level.
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PMID:Destructive potential of the aspartyl protease cathepsin D in MHC class II-restricted antigen processing. 1625 9

The aim of this study was to evaluate the time course events of cellular damage during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats and to find out a correlation between the structural alterations with respect to the biochemical changes. Cardiac biomarkers and lysosomal enzymes viz. cathepsin D, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were evaluated at different time points, in response to ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress in an isolated rat heart model perfused in Langendorff mode. Microscopically, changes in myocardial architecture, myofibrillar degradation, and collagen (COL) integrity were studied using hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome and toluidine blue staining techniques. A three-fold increase in the level of myoglobin was observed after 30 min of ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion as compared to 15 min ischemia, 120 min reperfusion. Similarly, a significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of lipid peroxides and superoxide anion coupled with a decrease in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels were observed. A concomitant increase in the activity of cathepsin D (24.07+/-0.95) and a higher expression of MMPs after 120 min of reperfusion following 30 min ischemia were shown to correlate with the myocardial damage as shown by histopathology, suggesting that free radical induced activation of cathepsin D and MMPs could mediate early damage during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
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PMID:Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats: lysosomal hydrolases and matrix metalloproteinases mediated cellular damage. 1834 82

The endolysosome pathway has been proposed for secretion of heat shock protein (Hsp)72 with a regulatory role for extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Here, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular ATP mediates the increase in plasma Hsp72 after exercise. We measured plasma ATP Hsp72, cathepsin D, norepinephrine, free fatty acid, glucose, and myoglobin in 8 healthy young males (mean +/- SE: age, 22.3 +/- 0.3 years; height, 171.4 +/- 0.8 cm; weight, 68.8 +/- 3.1 kg; body mass index, 23.5 +/- 1.1 kg/cm2; VO2 max, 44.1 +/- 3.8 mL/kg/min) before and at 0, 10, 30, and 60 min after aerobic exercise (cycling) and elbow flexor eccentric exercise. Subjects cycled for 60 min at 70-75% VO2 max (mean +/- SE; 157.4 +/- 6.9 W). Eccentric strength exercise consisted of flexing the elbow joint to 90 degrees with motion speed set at 30 degrees/sec at extension and 10 degrees/sec at flexion. Subjects performed 7 sets of 10 eccentric actions with a set interval of 60 sec. The motion range of the elbow joint was 90 degrees-180 degrees. Compared with the levels of Hsp72 and ATP in plasma after bicycle exercise, those after eccentric exercise did not change. A significant group x time interaction was not observed for Hsp72 or ATP in plasma. A significant correlation was found between Hsp72 and ATP in plasma (r=0.79, P<0.05), but not between Hsp72 and norepinephrine (r=0.64, P=0.09) after bicycle exercise. A significant correlation between ATP and norepinephrine in plasma was found (r=0.89 P<0.01). We used stepwise multiple-regression analysis to determine independent predictors of exercise-induced elevation of eHsp72. Candidate predictor variables for the stepwise multiple-regression analysis were time (Pre, Post, Post10, Post30, Post60), exercise type (aerobic, eccentric), ATP, cathepsin D, norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucose, and FFA. In the regression model for Hsp72 in plasma, increased ATP and glucose were the strongest predictors of increased Hsp72 (ATP: R2=0.213, beta=0.473, P=0.000; ATP and glucose: R2=0.263, beta=0.534, P=0.000). Collectively, these results imply that ATP in plasma is a trigger of Hsp72 release after exercise.
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PMID:Plasma adenosine triphosphate and heat shock protein 72 concentrations after aerobic and eccentric exercise. 2144 56