Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.23.15 (renin)
 35,795 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Angiotensin II (ANG II) is the primary mediator of the renin-angiotensin system, which has an important functional role in cardiovascular homeostasis. The angiotensin receptor and its functional correlates have been redefined by the cloning of angiotensin receptors and the discovery and widespread study of specific nonpeptide ANG II-receptor antagonists losartan (AT1 selective) and PD123177 (AT2 selective). With these antagonists, it has been possible to extend the concept of ANG II-receptor heterogeneity to virtually every tissue and species. The losartan-sensitive sites have been shown to mediate all of the major ANG II-induced biologic effects, including vasoconstriction, aldosterone and catecholamine release, and central, ANG II-induced drinking behavior. The function of the AT2 site is not fully understood, but it may be involved in neuronal ion channel modulation and in fibroblast collagen metabolism. The presence of AT2 sites in fetal tissues and in discrete locations in the brain has encouraged continued research. Losartan, which represents the first of a new class of therapeutic agents, is currently undergoing clinical trials. A growing number of other AT1-selective ANG II-receptor antagonists are under development, including L-158,809, SKF 108566, and GR117285. Rat AT1-receptor subtypes have been cloned and sequenced (AT1A and AT1B). Human ANG II receptors have also been cloned and shown to have high affinity for losartan. A number of atypical angiotensin-binding sites have been identified from mycoplasma, amphibians, and mouse neuroblastoma, which are not sensitive to either losartan or PD123177.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Angiotensin II receptors and functional correlates. 129 Jun 17

A simplified and sensitive method for measuring expression levels of type-1 angiotensin II (AT1) receptor subtypes, AT1A and AT1B, was established. The two receptor cDNAs were co-amplified and measured by polymerase chain reaction using primers based on the corresponding receptor subtype genes. Both AT1A and AT1B mRNAs were widely expressed in the rat tissues including adrenal gland, kidney, heart, aorta, lung, liver, testis, pituitary gland, cerebrum and cerebellum. AT1A mRNA was predominantly expressed in the rat tissues examined except adrenal gland and pituitary gland where AT1B mRNA was predominantly expressed. Sodium depletion did not change mRNA levels of AT1A and AT1B in the all tissues. However, both AT1A and AT1B mRNA levels in the heart and aorta were down-regulated by treatment with AT1 specific antagonist, TCV 116. In contrast, AT1B mRNA in the adrenal gland was mainly reduced by the treatment. These results suggest that the expression level of AT1B mRNA in the adrenal gland depends on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and both receptor subtypes mediate contraction and hypertrophy of the smooth and cardiac muscles via the RAAS.
 ...
PMID:Differential gene expression and regulation of type-1 angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the rat. 138 88

We previously demonstrated that type 1A angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor (AT1A) is the predominant renal subtype and is upregulated by a low sodium diet. We have now tested the hypothesis that upregulation of AT1A mRNA induced by sodium deficiency is renal specific and is mediated by activation of type 1 Ang II receptor (AT1). Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 5 each) and treated for 2 weeks with normal sodium diet (0.5%), normal sodium plus 3 mg/kg per day losartan, low sodium diet (0.07%), or low sodium diet plus losartan. At the end of the 2 weeks, body weight and mean arterial pressure were not different among the four groups (P > .05). Plasma renin activity was elevated by losartan treatment, sodium restriction, or the combination of the two versus control (P < .05). Northern blot analysis showed that the ratio of renal AT1A to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA was increased by losartan treatment, sodium restriction, or the combination of the two versus control (P < .05). In contrast, the ratio of adrenal AT1A to GAPDH mRNA was increased only by sodium restriction versus three other groups (P < .05). Thus, sodium deficiency increases AT1A mRNA in both kidney and adrenal gland, while Ang II receptor blockade by losartan prevents low sodium-induced AT1A mRNA only in adrenal gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Distinct mechanisms of upregulation of type 1A angiotensin II receptor gene expression in kidney and adrenal gland. 749 83

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system by sodium deficiency is associated with reciprocal changes in the expression of angiotensin II receptors in adrenal glomerulosa and vascular smooth muscle cells. The effects of dietary sodium changes on the expression of brain angiotensin receptor subtype 1 (AT1) mRNAs were examined in rats maintained on normal, low, and high sodium intake for 3 weeks. Plasma aldosterone and renin activity were elevated in rats maintained on a low salt diet compared with normal rats and were reduced in rats maintained on a high salt diet. These results are consistent with previous findings on the effects of altered dietary sodium on the renin-angiotensin system. The expression of AT1A and AT1B receptor subtype mRNAs was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction during changes in sodium intake. The results revealed that sodium deprivation enhanced the expression of AT1B receptors in decorticated brains by 164% compared with high sodium intake. Conversely, high sodium diet increased the expression of AT1A receptors by 155% in the brain compared with low sodium intake. These data suggest that AT1A and AT1B receptors play reciprocal roles in central mechanisms for the control of fluid homeostasis. Further analysis of the molecular biology of angiotensin II receptor regulation in the brain may provide new insights into the interplay between the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure regulation and also into the role of angiotensin II in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of angiotensin II receptors in rat brain during dietary sodium changes. 750 98

Recent studies have revealed that angiotensin II (Ang II) interacts with two pharmacologically different types of seven-transmembrane domain receptors, hence named Ang II type 1 and type 2 (AT1 and AT2) receptors. cDNAs for the AT1 receptor have been cloned, and the existence of two receptor subtypes, AT1A and AT1B, has been revealed in rat and mouse. This study presents a new approach for the specific quantification of AT1A and AT1B receptor mRNAs by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification in the presence of an AT1 receptor mutant cRNA as internal standard. Absolute quantities of mRNA are then determined by extrapolation using the standard curve generated with the internal standard. Moreover, addition of this internal standard to each tube controls for both reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification in each sample. In male Wistar rats, the highest absolute AT1A receptor mRNA levels were found in liver and kidney and those for AT1B receptor mRNA in the pituitary. Expressed as a percentage of total AT1A+AT1B receptor mRNA content, AT1A receptor mRNA content was 100% in liver, 85% in lung, 73% in kidney, 65% in aorta, 48% in adrenals, and 15% in the hypophysis. Since this approach can determine absolute AT1A and AT1B receptor mRNA quantities in different organs, it allows the study of the regulation of their expression under different pathophysiological conditions. After sodium depletion, known to induce hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system, adrenal AT1A and AT1B receptor mRNA levels were increased by 60% and 110%, respectively. In contrast, in renovascular hypertension (two-kidney, one clip), also associated with elevated circulating plasma renin activity, adrenal AT1B receptor mRNA levels decreased by 50%, whereas there was no change in those of AT1A. Therefore, the differential distribution and regulation of these two receptor subtypes suggest that each of them might be involved in the mediation of different biological effects of Ang II.
 ...
PMID:Tissular expression and regulation of type 1 angiotensin II receptor subtypes by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. 752 76

The aim of this investigation was to examine the interrelation between renal mRNA levels of renin and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) in a renin-dependent form of experimental hypertension. Rats were studied 4 weeks after unilateral renal artery clipping. Mean blood pressure and plasma renin activity were significantly higher in the hypertensive rats (n = 10 206 +/- mm Hg and 72.4 +/- 20.9 ng/mL-1/h-1, respectively) than in sham-operated controls (n = 10, 136 +/- 3 mm Hg and 3.3 +/- 0.5 ng/mL-1/h, respectively). Northern blot analysis of polyA+ RNA obtained from the kidneys of renal hypertensive rats showed increased levels of renin mRNA in the clipped kidney, whereas a decrease was observed in the unclipped kidney. Plasma renin activity was directly correlated with renin mRNA expression of the poststenotic kidney (r = .94, P < .01). AT1 mRNA expression was lower in both kidneys of the hypertensive rats. This downregulation was specific for the AT1A subtype since the renal expression of the AT1B subtype remained normal in hypertensive rats. The downregulation of the renal AT1A receptor may be due to high circulating angiotensin II levels. This is supported by the significant inverse correlation (r = .71, P < .01) between plasma renin activity and AT1A mRNA expression measured in the clipped kidney of the hypertensive rats.
 ...
PMID:Renin and angiotensin II receptor gene expression in kidneys of renal hypertensive rats. 759 Oct 11

To investigate the relation between the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the local vasomotor tone of large arteries, we used in vitro isolated carotid arteries from 14-week-old Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY; n = 80) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; n = 80). Diameters were measured with the use of an ultrasonic echo-tracking system (12 MHz) under flow (2 mL/min) (F+) or no-flow (Fo) conditions, with intact endothelium (Endo+) or after endothelium removal (Endo-). The role of tissue RAS was assessed by incubating isolated carotid arteries with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE I; lisinopril, 10(-6) mol/L) or with a specific antagonist of angiotensin II AT1 receptors (AT1A; losartan, 10(-6) mol/L). In addition, maximal dilation of carotid arteries was measured after poisoning with KCN (100 mg/L). In all experiments, KCN significantly increased carotid diameters (WKY, 23 +/- 0.9%; SHR, 19 +/- 0.8%; P < .001 versus control conditions). In intact carotid arteries, flow caused significant dilation in WKY (7 +/- 0.5%, P < .001) but had no effect in SHR. In the presence or absence of flow, ACE I and AT1A induced similar dilations in both strains, and a specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors (Hoe 140, 10(-7) mol/L) had no effect on ACE I-induced dilation. After endothelium removal, carotid artery diameters were significantly increased (P < .001) in both strains, although more in SHR (13 +/- 0.8%) than in WKY (8 +/- 1.1%) (P < .001). Also, flow did not modify the diameter of deendothelialized vessels and ACE I had no effect in either strain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Control of carotid vasomotor tone by local renin-angiotensin system in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Role of endothelium and flow. 761 17

The octapeptide angiotensin II mediates the physiological actions of the renin-angiotensin system through activation of several angiotensin II receptor subtypes; in particular the AT1. In many tissues, the presence of multiple angiotensin II receptor subtypes, together with a low number of receptors, makes it difficult to study biological responses to physiological concentrations (10(-11)-10(-9) M) of angiotensin II. Also, cultured cells show diminished angiotensin II receptor binding with respect to time in culture and passage number. To address these problems, we expressed the recombinant AT1A receptor in CHO-K1 cells. The stably transfected receptor was characterized using radioligand binding studies and functional coupling to cytosolic free calcium. Radioligand binding of [125I] angiotensin II to the angiotensin II receptor was specific, saturable, reversible and modulated by guanine nucleotides. Like the endogenous AT1A receptor, reported in a variety of tissues, the specific, noncompetitive, nonpeptide AII receptor antagonist, EXP3174, blocked binding of [125I] angiotensin II to the transfected receptor. Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the transfected receptor had a dissociation constant of 1.9 nM with a density of 3.4 pmol/mg protein. An important feature of many of the responses to angiotensin II is the rapid desensitization that occurs following agonist occupancy and the development of tachyphylaxis. In AT1A receptor transfected CHO-K1 cells, angiotensin II (10(-9) M) stimulated a rapid increase in cytosolic free calcium that was completely desensitized within 50 sec following receptor occupancy. Agonist induced desensitization was unaffected when receptor internalization was blocked by pretreatment with concanavalin A or incubation at 4 degrees C, and no changes in AT1A receptor affinity or number were observed. Receptor desensitization was also unaffected by inhibition or activation of protein kinase C. Thus, we have established a permanent, high-level transfectant of the AT1A receptor in CHO-K1 cells and have shown that these receptors rapidly desensitize following exposure to physiological concentrations of agonist. The mechanism of rapid desensitization is not related to receptor sequestration, internalization or controlled by PKC phosphorylation. This provides an excellent model for studying AII actions mediated through a specific receptor subtype, at subnanomolar concentrations.
 ...
PMID:Stable expression of a functional rat angiotensin II (AT1A) receptor in CHO-K1 cells: rapid desensitization by angiotensin II. 765 82

There are several ways of experimentally studying the influence of candidate genes on hypertension. The approach proposed here is antisense inhibition with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) constructed to the 5' region of known sequences of angiotensinogen mRNA and angiotensin II type-1 receptor mRNA. The AS-ODNs were applied in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, direct injection of 50 micrograms of AS-ODN into the lateral ventricles of SHR reduced hypertension significantly (P < 0.01). There was no effect of AS-ODN i.c.v. in normotensive WKY rats. The phosphorothiated AS-ODN to the AT1 receptor mRNA also produced a long-lasting decrease in blood pressure in SHR (7 days). After AS-ODN treatment AT1 receptors were reduced in the PVN and anterior third ventricle area and Ang II levels were reduced in the brainstem. The results show the in vivo feasibility of using antisense inhibition of renin-angiotensin mRNA to reduce hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Antisense inhibition of hypertension: a new strategy for renin-angiotensin candidate genes. 770 4

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by alterations in the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, including decreases in glomerular angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor density. Since Ang II regulates proximal tubule transport function, the present studies examined whether diabetes altered expression of proximal tubule receptors. In basolateral membranes from 14 day streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, specific binding of 125I Ang II was decreased to 53 +/- 8% of control (3.2 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.2 fmol/mg protein; N = 7; P < 0.02). Similarly, in proximal tubule brush border membranes from diabetic animals, specific binding was decreased to 63 +/- 11% of control (1.1 +/- 0.2 vs 0.6 +/- 0.1 fmol/mg protein; N = 9; P < 0.05). Concomitant insulin treatment reversed the decrease in specific binding of 125I Ang II to basolateral membranes (109 +/- 26% of control; N = 3) and to brush border membranes (85 +/- 17% of control; N = 6). In order to determine if changes in expression of type-1 Ang II receptors (AT1R) accompanied the changes in binding, quantitative polymerase chain reaction of AT1R mRNA was performed and expressed as the ratio of the amplified AT1R to that of an Msc1/Msc1 internal deletion mutant and normalized to that of beta-actin. In total RNA from proximal tubule suspensions of diabetic animals, AT1R mRNA expression decreased by 38% (21 +/- 3 vs. 13 +/- 2 cpm AT1R/cpm deletion mutant/cpm beta actin/10(6); N = 4; P < 0.0025). Insulin treatment reverted AT1R mRNA expression to control levels (22 +/- 3 cpm AT1R/cpm deletion mutant/cpm beta actin/10(6); P < 0.001 compared to the untreated group).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Reduced proximal tubule angiotensin II receptor expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. 770 17


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>