Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.23.15 (renin)
35,795 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In recent years many investigators have reported the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the catecholamines in the regulation of renin secretion. It has been recently reported that plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) excreted through the mechanism of the exocytosis with noradrenaline from the sympathetic postganglionic nervous endings is a mirror of the function of the sympathetic nervous system. In this investigation, blood pressure, urinary catecholamine excretion, plasma DBH activity and plasmsa renin activity (RPA) have been determined in normal individuals during the mecholyl test and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. In the mecholyl test, plasma DBH activity and PRA markedly increased in five males who showed prominent responses of systolic blood pressure to mecholyl (S type) and changed slightly in eight males who showed minimal responses of systolic blood pressure to mecholyl (N type). It showed that there was a significant relationship between the maximal percent increases from their respective control values of plasma DBH activity and those of PRA following mecholyl. In insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, plasma DBH activity, blood pressure and PRA remarkably increased following a large dose of insulin administration (0.15 u/kg). In a dose of 0.1 u/kg, there was no significant increase of plasma DBH activity and blood pressure. PRA singificantly increased but was lower than a large dose of insulin. Also, it showed that their was a significant relationship between maximal percent increases from their respective control values of plasma DBH activity and those of PRA following insulin administration. These data indicate a close correlation between changes in plasma DBH activity and those of PRA during mecholyl and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and lend additional support to the concept of sympathetic nervous system mechanism of renin secretion.
...
PMID:[Studies of the relationship between renin secretion and the sympathetic nervous system responsiveness in man (author's transl)]. 123 20

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are established in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure; both conditions are complicated by resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal. The defect in essential hypertension is both tissue and pathway specific, i.e., confined to nonoxidative (glycogen synthetic) routes of intracellular glucose utilization in skeletal muscle, whereas heart failure and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are associated with more widespread abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Thus, the mechanisms of the insulin resistance in hypertension, NIDDM, and heart failure are fundamentally different, so metabolic responses to drug therapy may not be the same in all insulin-resistant states. There have been conflicting reports about the effects of ACE inhibitors on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control. A number of studies, both with captopril and with enalapril, have shown small increases in insulin sensitivity, and there is evidence that this is due to enhanced glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. The interpretation of these studies, however, is often compromised by poor trial design, lack of full placebo data, various indirect measurements of insulin sensitivity, and heterogeneous patient populations in whom the biochemical mechanisms of insulin resistance (and drug responses) may not be the same. Overall, there probably is a modest class effect of ACE inhibitors that enhances insulin-mediated glucose disposal; the mechanism of this effect is likely to be a combination of increased muscle blood flow, local renin-angiotensin system blockade, and elevated kinin levels.
...
PMID:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and insulin sensitivity: metabolic effects in hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure. 128 42

Twelve ileostomy patients were given subcutaneous SMS 201-995 therapy (100 micrograms t.d.s. for 5 days) in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. All patients had ileostomies constructed 60 cm proximal to the terminal ileum (proximal ileostomy) following restorative proctocolectomy. SMS 201-995 reduced the daily ileostomy output from 997 +/- 52 g to 736 +/- 28 g, P < 0.05, along with a decrease in daily sodium and chloride excretion (sodium: 92.60 +/- 8.51 to 75.22 +/- 8.64 mEq, chloride: 143.46 +/- 8.54 to 113.60 +/- 15.84 mEq; both P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the plasma levels of glucagon, C peptide, insulin, renin or aldosterone with SMS 201-995 therapy. Patients developed no severe side effects and reported easier management of the ileostomy and a reduction in thirst. Our results suggest a possible clinical role for SMS 201-995 in the management of proximal ileostomy.
...
PMID:Reduction of the effluent volume in high-output ileostomy patients by a somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995. 129 41

To elucidate the mechanism of hyperkalemia in diabetic patients without renal failure, we investigated (Na(+)-K+) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in erythrocyte membrane, erythrocyte Na+ and K+ content, and plasma endogenous digitalis-like substance in control subjects (n = 16) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients (n = 62). NIDDM patients were divided into normokalemic patients (NKDM, n = 48) and hyperkalemic patients (HKDM, n = 14). There was no difference in plasma glucose or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) between NKDM and HKDM patients. (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activities in NIDDM patients were significantly reduced compared with those in control subjects (0.336 +/- 0.016 mumol-inorganic phosphate [Pi]/mg protein/h, mean +/- SEM, P less than .05), and (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activities in HKDM patients (0.243 +/- 0.015 mumol Pi/mg protein/h) were significantly reduced compared with those in NKDM patients (0.295 +/- 0.008 mumol Pi/mg protein/h, P less than .01). Plasma K+ content had a significant negative correlation with (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity in diabetic patients (r = -.365, P less than .01). Erythrocyte Na+ content had a significant negative correlation with (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity in control subjects (r = -.619, P less than .05). There was no difference in plasma endogenous digitalis-like substance among the three groups. (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity was not significantly correlated with plasma endogenous digitalis-like substance in control subjects and diabetic patients. These findings suggest that the reduction of (Na(+)-K+)ATPase activity, which was not related to plasma digitalis-like substance, may be partly responsible for hyperkalemia in diabetic patients.
...
PMID:Reduction of erythrocyte (Na(+)-K+) ATPase activities in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hyperkalemia. 131 28

The involvement of the circulating and local renin-angiotensin system in atherosclerotic process has been hypothesized on the basis of experimental data showing presence and specific actions of the components of this system in the vascular wall. In particular, angiotensin II may participate in well known events in atherogenesis as the control of smooth muscle cell growth and proliferation. Recent studies have shown an effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition on the development of atherosclerosis in animal models. Captopril and cilazapril prevent myointimal proliferation after vascular injury in rat. Captopril reduces aortic cholesterol content and percentage intimal aortic surface covered by lesions in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Captopril also significantly reduces the progression of carotid and coronary lesions in monkeys fed a high cholesterol diet. In addition, a role for converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing aortic and microvascular growth either in hypertensive or normotensive rats has been demonstrated. It is possible that ACE-inhibitors prevent angiotensin II-induced vascular proliferation and thereby suppress the development of atherosclerosis in animals. It is also conceivable that the blood pressure effects of ACE-inhibitors could play a role in the antiatherosclerotic effect shown by these drugs, even though this explanation cannot be addressed by studies dealing with normotensive animals. Then, other mechanisms could be involved, including hypothesized effects of blockade of the renin-angiotensin system on sympathetic nervous system activity, regulation of vascular growth factors and insulin sensitivity. The clinical significance of these experimental findings is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:ACE-inhibitors and atherosclerosis. 132 85

We report here the alterations of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity (S-ACE) and of active renin plasma concentrations (ARPC) in 41 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients compared with those of 26 control subjects. The IDDM patients had S-ACE activity (54 +/- 16 I.E.) in the upper normal range (controls, 39 +/- 7). When the patients were subclassified according to their diabetic complications, a significant increase of S-ACE within the IDDM group compared to the controls was observed in patients with nephropathy (68 +/- 13, P less than 0.001) with persistent proteinuria and with retinopathy (63 +/- 14, P less than 0.001). A significant correlation was found between proteinuria and S-ACE (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001) and between retinopathy and S-ACE levels (r = 64, P less than 0.001). No correlation between blood pressure and S-ACE or between blood glucose and S-ACE was observed. The ARPC were within the normal range in the IDDM (21 +/- 9 ng/l) and in control (19 +/- 3) groups. No correlations between ARPC and blood pressure or blood glucose or the degree of diabetic complications were registered. These data show that S-ACE activity is elevated in IDDM patients with nephropathy-proteinuria and/or with retinopathy and the circulating renin may not represent the renal renin-angiotensin vascular system.
...
PMID:Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and active renin plasma concentrations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 133 Apr 63

Elevated serum angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity may occur in diabetic subjects. This may signal alteration of vascular endothelium. To study the effect of acute glucose change on serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), we performed an oral glucose tolerance test in 17 obese subjects (7M/10F), (Body Mass Index, (BMI): 31 +/- 1 kg/m2), aged 48 +/- 3 years. We measured serum ACE activity (Lieberman's method), active renin (RIA Pasteur kit), and aldosterone (RIA, Cis-International kit), before and 2 hours after oral glucose intake (75 g), and plasma glucose and insulin every 30 min. After oral glucose tolerance test, subjects were classified as 6 Non Insulin-Dependent Diabetic (NIDD), 8 Glucose intolerant (GI), and 3 NormoGlycaemic (NG) subjects. Active renin did not vary after glucose loading (14 +/- 2 vs 15 +/- 2 pg/ml) nor aldosterone (104 +/- 14 vs 133 +/- 18 pg/ml), while ACE activity rose significantly (229 +/- 25 vs 277 +/- 28 IU/l; p = 0.02). Serum ACE activity were different in the 3 groups before glucose loading (NIDD: 266 +/- 37, GI: 252 +/- 32, NG: 90 +/- 21 IU/l; Kruskal-Wallis H = 7.03; p = 0.03), but not after 2 hours (NIDD: 297 +/- 42, GI: 275 +/- 36, NG: 204 +/- 113 IU/l; ns).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:[Increase of angiotensin converting enzyme activity during oral load of glucose]. 133 58

High blood pressure of unknown etiology has been related to many pathogenetic factors, mainly dietary salt intake, mental stress, alcohol consumption, sedentary living and aging. Hypertension is more common in condition such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Sustained elevation of arterial pressure is mediated by vasoconstriction in response to catecholamine release and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In obese and diabetic subjects, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia have been found to be related to development of hypertension. The hypertension phenotype may correspond to many different genotypes codifying various alterations of hormone and receptor function, as well as inherited diseases linked to hypertension. An outstanding epidemiologic example of how hypertension may appear in a community is found in Easter Island. Hypertension among native adults increased from 3 to 30% in a 10 year period, in relation to influx of tourism and changes in salt intake and diet.
...
PMID:[Etiopathogenic factors of arterial hypertension]. 134

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition has shown promising results in diabetic nephropathy, but long-term results on survival are not available. In a cohort of patients receiving antihypertensive treatment predominantly consisting of beta blockers in combination with diuretics, support for an improved survival has been presented. Addition of ACE inhibition to such a combination treatment may be favorable both due to the suggested renoprotective effects of ACE inhibitors and because diuretics activate the renin-angiotensin system. In 10 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with early diabetic nephropathy [urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE) less than 100o micrograms/min], who were receiving continuous therapy with metoprolol and bendroflumethiazide, a double-blind crossover study with four months addition of ramipril 5 mg (Ramace) and placebo was conducted. UAE (radioimmunoassay) and fractional albumin excretion were significantly reduced after the four months of ramipril administration [UAE: 114.1 x/divided by 1.3 (geometric mean x/divided by confidence factor] versus 174.6 x/divided by 1.2 micrograms/min, 2P less than 0.005). Renal plasma flow (clearance of 131I-hippuran) tended to increase [497 +/- 25 (mean +/- SE) vs. 464 +/- 28 ml/min/1.73 m2, 2P = 0.08], while GFR (125I-iothalamate) stayed unchanged (121 +/- 8 vs. 120 +/- 9 ml/min/1.73 m2). Mean arterial pressure during clearance studies fell moderately (95 +/- 3 vs. 101 +/- 1 mm Hg, 2P less than 0.05) and renal resistance was decreased (2P less than 0.03). ACE activity was suppressed in all patients. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements were not significantly different after the two periods (daytime averages: 91 +/- 2 vs. 93 +/- 2, nighttime 80 +/- 2 vs. 84 +/- 3 mm Hg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Effects of ACE inhibition supplementary to beta blockers and diuretics in early diabetic nephropathy. 135 49

To investigate plasma renin and prorenin levels in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and their relation with autonomic nervous function and renal impairment, we measured plasma renin and prorenin levels in 39 NIDDM patients. The patients included 21 males and 18 females, aged 56.3 +/- 6.2. Thirty-four normal age-matched subjects served as controls. Autonomic nervous function was evaluated in 23 patients by the performance of cardiovascular reflex tests. The plasma renin concentration was measured by angiotensin I generation after the addition of an exogenous substrate. Plasma prorenin was activated by trypsin. The results showed that the plasma renin concentration was similar between NIDDM patients and normal subjects, while plasma prorenin was higher in NIDDM patients. No correlation existed between the plasma renin or prorenin levels and autonomic nervous function. The patients with abnormally high levels of prorenin also had a similarly high plasma renin level but not a high creatinine clearance (Ccr) or daily proteinuria. The plasma renin level was correlated inversely with daily proteinuria but not with Ccr. These results suggest that the high plasma prorenin levels in some diabetic patients cannot be explained by renal impairment, poor prorenin conversion or autonomic dysfunction. The hyporeninemia in some patients may be related to microvascular involvement of the kidney.
...
PMID:Plasma prorenin and renin levels in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 136 16


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---