Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.23.15 (renin)
 35,795 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new oral contraceptive (Org 2969) formulated of .05 mg of ethinyl estradiol and .1 mg or .125 mg of a new progestagen, 17 alpha-ethinyl-18-methyl-11-methyl-ene-4-estren-17 beta-ol, was studied to determine its effects in human volunteers on plasma renin activity (PRA), growth hormone (GH), and immunoreactive insulin (IRI). 7 healthy subjects were studied during an ovulatory menstrual cycle and during the 1st and 3rd cycles of oral contraception. 1 of 7 subjects showed ovulation after the 1st cycle of contraceptives; the remainder were anovulatory, and all subjects were anovulatory by the 3rd cycle of contraception. PRA on the 22nd day of the control cycle was significantly (P .01) higher than the mean PRA on days 2-5 of control. Mean PRA at the beginning of the 1st treatment cycle was not significantly higher than control cycles. By day 22 of treatment, however, it was significantly (P .001) higher than day 22 of control cycle. A significant PRA Increase after the 1st treatment cycle (P .05) was noted along with a continued significance in the 3rd cycle (P .05). At the end of the treatment cycle, GH was significantly higher (P .05) than at the end of the control cycle. The rise of GH over the 1st treatment cycle compared with control cycle was insignificant, but after the 3rd treatment cycle, GH was significantly higher than the control cycle values (P .05). There were no differences in GH throughout the control cycle. IRI did not differ within the control cycle. By the 2nd-4th day of the 1st treatment cycle, mean IRI was significantly higher than comparable control cycle values (P .01). The rise in IRI during treatment was also significant (P .05). No correlations were found among the individual GH and IRI values, and no significances for same sampling periods were found. Levels of the 3 parameters were unaffected by dosage of the new progestin.
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PMID:Effect of oral contraceptive containing a new progestin (ORG 2969) on plasma renin activity, growth hormone and immunoreactive insulin. 16 58

Developmental correlation of higher levels of estrogen binding by macromolecules in rat liver supernatant and of increases in plasma renin substrate levels after estrogen administration is reported. Gel filtration columns were used to separate bound from free radioactivity in studying binding of radioactive estradiol to tissue supernatants. The liver of the prepubescent female rat has less estrogen-specific binding macromolecules than the adult (p less than .01). This difference in quantity was maintained when binding activities were partially purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30% saturation. After administration in vivo of 100 mcg of ethinyl estradiol (sc), plasma renin substrate (PRS) levels increased 167% above control in the adult female rat (p less than .05). The corresponding increase was only 15% in the prepubescent rat. In contrast, renin substrate levels were significantly increased in both the prepubescent and adult by administration of 4 mg/kg of dexamethasone (p less than .05). The marked increase in the amount of estrogen binding and PRS responsiveness to estrogen administration with sexual maturation indicates that the estrogen-binding protein may be an estrogen receptor involved in modulating synthesis of at least 1 plasma protein.
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PMID:Developmental correlation of higher levels of estrogen binding by macromolecules in rat liver supernatant and of increases in plasma renin substrate levels after estrogen administration. 19 10

The benefits and potential risks of estrogen use in post menopausal women were discussed at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society. The proven benefits of estrogen treatment include: 1) relief of symptoms such as hot flashes and atrophic changes in the vagina and breast due to a postmenopausal decrease in estrogen; and 2) a diminution of the degree of menapausal osteoporosis, a major health problem in aged 65 and older. Studies have shown a consistant improvement in the maintenance of skeletal mass when estrogen therapy is given. Adverse reactions to estrogen include an increase hepatic secretion of renin substrate resulting in increased blood pressure. Also, studies show both an increased coagulability of blood and cholesterol supersaturation of bile. Prime concern to women treated with the hormone therapy is the two to eight fold increase in risk of developing uterine cancer which increases with duration of estrogen use. Estrogen, although itself not a carcinogen appears to maintain the uterus in a condition that allows it to more readily respond to a carcinogenic stimuli. The relationship of estrogen use to lipoprotein metabolism and coronary heart disease is yet another area to be further studied.
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PMID:Postmenopausal estrogen therapy. 47 81

To compare the effects of 3 different oral contraceptives (OCs) on the renin-angiotensin system, women aged 19-30 were given either .5 mg lynestrenol (Group 1, N = 10), the same plus .05 mg ethinyl estradiol (Group 2, N = 9), or .25 mg d-norgestrel plus .05 mg ethinyl estradiol (Group 3, N = 9) for 2 months. Blood samples were taken on Menstrual Cycle Days 8-10 and 22-25 for 4 months, the 1st and last months serving as control cycles. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and angiotensin 2 (A2) concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay. Blood pressures remained normal in all women throughout the study. Both PRA and A2 increased in the 2nd half of the control cycle in all groups. Once treatment began, no significant changes occurred in Group 1, but both PRA and A2 rose significantly in Groups 2 and 3. The characteristic increases noted during the 2nd half of the control cycle were maintained in all groups. It is concluded that combination-type OCs raise PRA and A2 levels, while progestagen-only OCs do not, which may recommend the latter in the treatment of women with predisposition to high blood pressure.
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PMID:Plasma renin activity and angiotensin II during oral contraception. 61 22

The results of 2 studies to determine the relationship between hormonal contraceptive (h.c.) use, hypertension, and nephritis are reported. 828 women, 16-50 years of age, were divided into 3 groups. 1 group had never used h.c.s., 1 group was presently using h.c.s., and 1 group had used h.c.s. for the last time more than a year prior to the study. Women 26-35 years of age who were using h.c.s. at the time of the study more often developed hypertension than other groups. The h.c. users who developed hypertension more often had a family history of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, more often had diabetes themselves, and more often suffered from preeclampsia or eclampsia during pregnancy. In a second study, ethinyl estradiol, norethisterone acetate, epsilon aminocapronic acid, desoxycorticosterone acetate, and table salt were administered singly or in combinations to 2 groups of rats. In one group, a Goldblatt-type hypertension was induced with a clamp on the nephric artery. No increase in blood pressure was observed in animals which received only an estrogenic or progestagenic agent. Significant increases in blood pressure were observed in animals that were given combinations of estrogenic and progestagenic agents, however. Significantly increased plasma-resin activity was observed in all animals which were given estrogen, while animals receiving desoxycorticosterone acetate showed a highly significant decrease in plasma-renin activity.
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PMID:[Oral contraceptives, hypertension and nephrosclerosis]. 62 80

Two combined oral contraceptives, one containing ethinyl estradiol and the other micronized estradiol and estriol, were compared by measuring a variety of endocrine and renal parameters over nine months. Significant changes were observed in plasma renin activity (P.R.A.) on the synthetic estrogen. Much larger changes were observed in the total urinary estrogens on patients taking the "natural" estrogens reflecting the amount of estrogens required to be excreted in the urine.
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PMID:Comparative studies on two combination oral contraceptives, one containing synthetic estrogen, the other "natural" estrogens. 72 78

In Europe, about 1% of the women using oral contraceptives develop hypertension. Predisposing factors seem to be age, hypertension problems in past pregnancies, family history of hypertension, personal histories of kidney disorders, diabetes mellitus or adipositas, or diastolic pressure over 80 mm Hg. An overactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be an important factor in the etiology of this type of hypertension. Oterh possible factors are: reduced excretion of angiotensin 2, increased sensitivity of the arterioles to substances such as angiotensin 2 and noradrenaline, direct effect of ethinyl estradiol and mestranol on the sodium and water system, cardiovascular changes, disorders in the adrenergic system (e.g., catecholamine metabolism). Blood pressure should be checked before beginning any treatment with oral contraceptives and every 3 months after that. For the purpose of differential diagnosis angiotensin 2 in the plasma and catecholanin and its by-products should be checked (24-hour urine samples). In cases of serious hypertension hormone therapy should be discontinued at once. Primary aldosteronism and renal artery stenosis must be excluded in the differential diagnosis, for although these hypertensive disorders exhibit similar biochemical changes, they should be treated by surgical intervention. Usually hypertension is reversible after cessation of therapy with contraceptive steroids. However, some cases of irreversible hypertention, kidney failure, and malignant nephrosclerosis have been described. Hypertensive somen who wish to use oral contraceptives may, under medical supervision try a modified hormonal contraceptive (minipill without estrogen) or sequential or lower dosages.
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PMID:[Clinical aspects of hypertension under contraceptive steroids]. 79 66

Administration of the estrogen, ethinyl estradiol (36 microng/kg/day), alone, and in combination with the progestogen, norethynodrel (165 microng/kg/day), significantly attenuated the dipsogenic response characteristically induced by acute s.c. administration of the beta adrenergic agonist, dl-iosproterenol (50 microng/kg). Attenuation was apparent within 1 week of steroid treatment, and remained during the 4 weeks of testing. After 16 weeks of steroid treatment, the drinking response to acute i.p. administration of renin (2 and 4 Goldblatt units/rat) was tested. The groups receiving ethinyl estradiol alone, and in combination with norethynodrel, but not norethynodrel alone, showed a reduced water intake compared with untreated controls. Drinking induced by administration of hypertonic saline (1% of body weight of 1 M NaCl solution, i.p.) was also reduced in rats treated with the estrogenic, but not the progestational, agent. However, estrogen treatment did not affect drinking after a 24-hour period of dehydration. Although the reduced dipsogenic response to isoproterenol observed in estrogen-treated rats may reflect a reduced renin secretion, drinking could not be induced in these animals by administration of renin. In addition, the reduced dipsogenic response to hypertonic NaCl loading suggests that estrogens may inhibit thirst mechanisms centrally. Dehydration, which combines hypovolemic and osmotic thirst situmul was, however, sufficient to overcome the reduced dipsogenic responsiveness of estrogen-treated rats.
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PMID:Responsiveness to various dipsogenic stimuli in rats treated chronically with norethynodrel, ethinyl estradiol and both combined. 85 Jan 48

An animal study to determine the effect of oral contraceptives on blood pressure is reported. A clamp was placed on the renal artery of a group of 18 Wistar rats to induce Goldblatt hypertension. This group and another group of 18 rats were given various dosages of ethinyl estradiol, norethisterone acetate, epslon-amino-capronic acid (as a substitute for inducing an estrogenic hypertensive effect), and/or deoxycorticosterone acetate or salt (as a substitute for induction of a gestagenic hypertensive effect). A significant increase in blood pressure was recorded only among the rats with induced Goldblatt hypertension which were administered both an estrogenic and gestagenic agent. All animals that were administered estrogen showed a significant increase in the plasma-renin activity (PRA). Animals that were administered deoxycorticosterone acetate showed a highly significant decrease in PRA.
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PMID:[The pathogenesis of oral contraceptive hypertension (author's transl)]. 87 Jul 46

The effect of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and dexamethasone (Dex) upon plasma renin substrate (PRS) was studied in rats in relation to sexual maturation and pituitary function. Normal adult rats had large increases in PRS when given either EE2 or Dex. Prepubescent (25-day-old) rats also had a substantial increase in PRS following Dex, but no increase in PRS after EE2. In adult rats, hypophysectomy prevented the rise in PRS due to EE2 but did not prevent the increase in PRS due to Dex. Hepatic estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors were measured in immature and adult rats. Immature rats had markedly reduced concentration of hepatic estrogen receptors (16%), compared with adults. In contrast, glucocorticoid receptor concentration was not significantly different between immature and adult rats. The results indicate that the effect of estrogens and glucocorticoids upon PRS are mediated by pathways that are separable at the hormone receptor level.
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PMID:Hormonal control of plasma renin substrate; (angiotensinogen). 90 71


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