Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.23.15 (renin)
 35,795 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of chronic diuretic therapy with chlorothiazide on the course of salt hypertension in hypertension-resistant (R) and hypertension-sensitive (S) strains of rats. Investigation of the effects of chlorothiazide on blood pressure, 24-hour urinary 24Na and aldosterone excretion, and plasma renin activity (PRA) produced the following observations: (1) Chlorothiazide failed to prevent the development of salt hypertension in S rats. (2) After 12 weeks, S rats on high salt puls chlorothiazide exhibited a rapid fall in blood pressure to levels indistinguishable from those of S rats on low salt. (3) Chlorothiazide significantly increased urinary 24Na excretion only in S rats on high salt (P less than 0.01). (4) Chlorothiazide significantly increased PRA and urinary aldosterone excretion in both strains on low or high salt diets (P less than 0.001). (5) Morbidity and mortality of salt hypertension were alleviated by chlorothiazide treatment. The unique aspect of this study is the finding that chlorothiazide did not abolish the hypertensiogenic action of salt in S rats.
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PMID:Influence of thiazide on salt hypertension. 85 74

Hydrochlorothiazide stimulates salt intake without altering salivary or gustatory function. Amiloride reportedly reduces salivary sodium levels and salt taste. It was hypothesized that these unintended drug actions would be attenuated by concurrent use of these 2 diuretics. Normotensive adults (n = 23) were administered placebo for 2 weeks, active combination drug Moduretic for 4 weeks, and placebo again for 2 weeks in a double-blind protocol. Salivary flow, gustatory function and sodium intake were monitored at the end of each period, together with selected physiologic measures (i.e., plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, body composition, blood pressure and heart rate). No significant changes were observed for salivary flow, salt taste or sodium intake. These findings indicate that amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide used in combination can reduce drug effects that may compromise the efficacy of either drug when used alone.
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PMID:Effects of combined hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride versus single drug on changes in salt taste and intake. 161 76

The urinary excretion rate and plasma concentration of angiotensin I (UAI, PAI) and angiotensin II (UAII, PAII), and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured in seven healthy volunteers in the supine and upright position both on free and restricted sodium intakes. The same variables were measured before and after intravenous injection of furosemide, as well as before and during intravenous infusion of chlorothiazide. Assumption of the upright posture as well as sodium restriction increased PAI, PAII, and PRA, but UAI and UAII excretion were not altered by these manoeuvres. Furosemide injection resulted in increases of all variables, albeit that PAI and PAII were elevated to a lesser extent then PRA. Chlorothiazide infusion caused a reduction in PAI, PAII, and PRA, whereas UAI and UAII excretion increased modestly. The discrepancies between changes in plasma and urinary AI and AII may indicate that urinary angiotensin excretion provides information which is supplementary to that of plasma angiotensins.
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PMID:Urinary angiotensin excretion during sodium restriction and diuretics. 251 79

Treating older hypertensive patients presents special challenges. The physiological effects of aging result in hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes. Geriatric patients are more likely to have concomitant diseases than younger patients. Treatment regimens should be individualized; monotherapy should be the goal. While most antihypertensive agents can be used, each class of drugs has advantages and disadvantages. Diuretics are both effective and inexpensive but their metabolic side effects (especially hypokalemia) may be quite serious in the geriatric population. Sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, and direct vasodilators may not be tolerated. The angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors, captopril and enalapril, are good choices because they have favorable hemodynamics, renin and nonrenin-dependent mechanisms of action and are associated with minimal biochemical alterations. In a recent multicenter study, captopril (25 mg twice daily) was given to 99 geriatric patients with seated diastolic blood pressure (BP) of 92-110 mm Hg. Patients whose blood pressures were not controlled after two weeks of therapy were randomized to either Capozide (captopril, 25 mg with 15 mg hydrochlorothiazide) or captopril, 50 mg twice daily. The average decrease in BP was 16.9/11.9 mm Hg; 75.8% of patients responded to treatment. Black and white patients had equal responses. Only five patients withdrew from the study due to adverse reactions, none of which was serious. Geriatric hypertensives should be treated. Because captopril and Capozide are well-tolerated, effective medications in elderly patients with mild, moderate, or severe hypertension, they should be considered as initial therapy for geriatric hypertension.
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PMID:Challenges in therapy of hypertension in the elderly. 305 47

After a run-in period of 8 weeks on a regimen of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT, median dosage 75 mg/day), patients with essential hypertension were randomly allocated to continued hydrochlorothiazide therapy (Group I) or additional treatment with amiloride (Group II, median dosage 15 mg/day, or 5 mg per 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide) for the following 12 weeks. Thereafter all the patients were changed to treatment with a fixed combination tablet containing 5 mg amiloride and 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide (Moduretic), keeping the thiazide dosage unchanged for an additional 12 weeks. In Group I patients there was no change in plasma potassium, total body potassium content or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system during the 12 weeks on HCT. When the treatment was changed to Moduretic, significant increases were found of 10% in plasma potassium and 3% in total body potassium content. No important stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was found. In Group II patients addition of an average of 15 mg amiloride to the hydrochlorothiazide treatment led to significant increases in plasma potassium and total body potassium content of approximately 15% and 4%, respectively. There was also a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone. Reducing the average dose of amiloride to 7.5 mg/day by use of Moduretic did not lead to decrease in plasma potassium or total body potassium content. Plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were decreased, but the individual changes varied markedly and no significant overall change was found.
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PMID:Effects of combined therapy with amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide on plasma and total body potassium, blood pressure, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. 351 43

1. Renin-like activity was found in rat submaxillary glands.2. This activity was destroyed by boiling, was non-dialyzable and showed an optimum at approximately 50 degrees C.3. Renin-like activity in the submaxillary gland was not diminished 24 h after nephrectomy but was considerably reduced after ligature of the submaxillary duct.4. Renin-like activity in the submaxillary gland was reduced following food-deprivation, water-deprivation or hypovolemia.5. Renin-like activity in the rat submaxillary gland was increased after isoproterenol administration but not following pilocarpine.6. Renin-like activity in the rat submaxillary gland was increased considerably by administration of NaCl or KCl, as well as following adrenalectomy.7. Chlorothiazide and ouabain increased submaxillary renin-like activity but diazoxide did not affect this activity.
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PMID:Renin-like activity of the rat submaxillary gland: characterization and the effect of several drugs and stimuli. 435 88

1. The effects of prolonged chlorothiazide treatment of left ventricular failure on cardiac hypertrophy, circulating vasoactive hormones and exchangeable body sodium were examined in rats with chronic myocardial infarction induced by left coronary artery ligation. Chlorothiazide therapy commenced either immediately or 2 weeks after infarction. For 4 weeks, the rats were given either chlorothiazide (50 mg day-1 kg-1) in their drinking water or drinking water alone. 2. Cardiac weight increased in untreated rats with infarction in comparison with sham-operated controls, indicating the presence of chronic left ventricular dysfunction, although exchangeable body sodium, plasma renin activity, plasma vasopressin and plasma osmolality remained unchanged. 3. Chlorothiazide raised haematocrit and plasma renin activity equally in rats with and without infarction, although exchangeable body sodium, plasma vasopressin and plasma osmolality were not changed by the treatment. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide was 2-fold higher in rats with infarction and this response was not affected by chlorothiazide treatment. Chlorothiazide therapy did not prevent or reverse cardiac hypertrophy. 4. Chronic diuretic therapy in this experimental model of heart failure did not reduce extracellular sodium, plasma vasopressin or the extent of ventricular hypertrophy, possibly because the condition was associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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PMID:Cardiomegaly and vasoactive hormones in rats with chronic myocardial infarction: long-term effects of chlorothiazide. 869 3