Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.23.15 (renin)
 35,795 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since 1969, we have investigated epidemiological studies of cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in the suburbs of Iwamizawa city in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Cross-sectional surveys of 1,092 persons, equivalent to 90.3% of inhabitants over 40 years of age, revealed that the prevalence of hypertension amounted to 34%, and that the prevalence of abnormal ECG, CTR, fundi, albuminuria, glucosuria and overweight in the hypertensive group were significantly higher than in the normotensive group. After a 5-year cohort follow-up study concerning the incidence of strokes and heart attacks, age was found to be the highest risk factor in both incidents and hypertension was the second highest in cerebrovascular accidents, but not so high in heart attacks. In addition, we measured plasma renin activity (PRA) as a risk factor. On the basis of our observations, it is evident that the casual PRA of the rural Japanese population in Hokkaido, who usually excrete sodium more than 200 mEq per day, is valuable for our study. PRA was inversely proportional to systolic blood pressure in the normotensives and total group, but no correlation was found in the hypertensives alone. Observing 13 renin-determined accidents (8 strokes & 5 heart attacks) prospectively, incidence of strokes and heart attacks occurred more frequently in the high- and low-renin subgroups than in the normal-renin subgroup. Based on multivariate analysis, the following conclusion was drawn: systolic pressure, high renin, diastolic pressure and low renin, in this sequence, contribute largely toward the discrimination of cerebro-cardiovascular accident from no cerebro-cardiovascular accident. Thus it was suggested that the casual PRA was useful to predict the occurrence of vascular complications, in addition to the existence of hypertension. It has been said that the mortality rate of CVA in Hokkaido is less than the average of the rest of northern parts in Japan. By the vital statistics and our survey, it was clear that seasonal variation of the death rate from CVA and heart attack, which increases in the winter season, is weaker in Hokkaido than in Honshu. It is of interest to speculate that it is due to better-equipped heating in houses in Hokkaido than in other northern parts of Honshu.
 ...
PMID:[Epidemiological survey of cerebro-cardiovascular diseases at Iwamizawa in Hokkaido (author's transl)]. 66 61

The interrelationships between psychosocial factors, several physiological variables and blood pressure (BP) were investigated in 88 young men (aged 26-32 years) in whom high, intermediate or low BP had been recorded at the age of 18 years. In the original high BP group, venous plasma noradrenaline was normal but adrenaline levels elevated. At the follow-up adrenaline correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), and this was also so after controlling for overweight and serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase [gamma-GT, a marker for alcohol consumption, which showed an independent association with diastolic blood pressure (DBP)]. Low assertiveness (low scores of verbal and indirect aggression) correlated with high BPs, even after controlling for other psychosocial variables. Several associations between psychosocial job variables and physiological variables were found. Among self-reported job variables, excessive 'demands' and 'bossing others' (but not 'decision latitude' or 'psychosocial conflict') were associated with high SBP. Habitual smoking of cigarettes was not associated with BP at rest, but influenced several associations between psychosocial and physiological variables. Men with high BP at rest and low plasma renin activity (PRA) reported more psychosocial problems at work and lower assertiveness than other groups.
 ...
PMID:Psychosocial and physiological factors in relation to blood pressure at rest--a study of Swedish men in their upper twenties. 286 55

Ten obese men (20-40% overweight) with previously untreated arterial hypertension (WHO stages I and II) were examined before and during sodium-restricted isocaloric diets. The mean (+/- s.d.) daily sodium excretion was reduced from 199 +/- 65 to +/- 25 mmol/24 h. Intra-arterial blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), plasma volume, circulating and urinary noradrenaline (NA), plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary aldosterone were measured. Vascular reactivity was assessed with intravenous bolus injections of 50, 100 and 200 micrograms phenylephrine, and baroreflex sensitivity was assessed with the R-R interval response to pressure elevations on electrocardiogram. Significant reductions in systolic BP from 163 +/- 18 to 147 +/- 17 mmHg and in diastolic BP from 97 +/- 7 to 88 +/- 9 mmHg occurred during salt restriction. Blood pressure reductions were correlated with changes of urinary sodium excretion (r = 0.71; P less than 0.05). No significant changes in CO, heart rate (HR) or stroke volume (SV) were observed; therefore, BP reduction was secondary to the fall in total peripheral resistance (TPR) from 21.8 +/- 4.1 to 19.0 +/- 4.1 units (P = 0.05). Plasma volume, as well as total blood volume, was not affected by the moderate sodium restriction, but PRA rose from 0.71 +/- 0.1 to 0.87 +/- 0.1 micrograms angiotensin 1/ml per h (P less than 0.05). Urinary aldosterone was increased from 32 +/- 12 to 54 +/- 9 nmol/24 h. No change in venous or arterial concentrations of NA or of urinary NA was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Central haemodynamics, baroreceptor sensitivity and alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated vascular reactivity during weight-stable sodium restriction in obese men with hypertension. 300 1

Studies were conducted to evaluate the role of water-sodium balance and renal dopaminergic activity in the hypertensive mechanisms of overweight patients with essential hypertension (EHT). The body mass index (BMI) was correlated positively with mean arterial pressure, plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, or total exchangeable sodium and negatively with plasma noradrenaline concentration or plasma renin activity in patients with EHT. Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) was significantly lower in overweight patients than in normal weight patients with EHT. Hypotensive effect of sodium restriction or the natriuretic response to infused dopamine was more remarkable in overweight patients with EHT than in normal weight patients with EHT. Urinary excretion of free dopamine (UDA) was correlated positively with simultaneously measured urinary excretion of sodium or FENa and negatively with the natriuretic response to dopamine infusion. In addition, UDA was positively correlated with the BMI in normal weight patients with EHT, whereas the relation between the UDA and the BMI was significantly negative in overweight patients with EHT. These findings suggest that the expansion of body fluid volume and sodium might result from the blunted natriuretic ability due to an attenuation of the renal dopaminergic activity in overweight patients with EHT. The expansion of body fluid volume and sodium may play an important role in the hypertensive mechanisms of overweight patients with EHT.
 ...
PMID:The pathophysiological role of water-sodium balance and renal dopaminergic activity in overweight patients with essential hypertension. 328 58

Studies were conducted to evaluate the role of water-sodium balance and renal dopaminergic activity in the hypertensive mechanisms of overweight patients with essential hypertension (EHT). The body mass index (BMI) was correlated positively with arterial pressure, plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, or total exchangeable sodium and negatively with plasma noradrenaline concentration or plasma renin activity in patients with EHT. Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) was significantly lower in overweight patients with EHT than that in normal-weight patients with EHT. Hypotensive effects of sodium restriction or the natriuretic response to infused dopamine was more remarkable in overweight than in normal-weight patients with EHT. Urinary excretion of free dopamine (UDA) was correlated positively with simultaneously measured urinary excretion of sodium or FENa and negatively with the natriuretic response to dopamine infusion. In addition, UDA was positively correlated with the BMI in normal-weight patients with EHT, whereas the relation between UDA and BMI was significantly negative in overweight patients with EHT. These findings suggest that the expansion of body fluid volume and sodium might result from the blunted natriuretic ability due to an attenuation of the renal dopaminergic activity in overweight patients with EHT. The expansion of body fluid volume and sodium may play an important role in the hypertensive mechanisms of overweight patients with EHT.
 ...
PMID:The pathophysiological role of water-sodium balance and renal dopaminergic activity in overweight patients with essential hypertension. 357 60

Borderline hypertension can be diagnosed, when supine systolic blood pressures lie between 140 and 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressures lie between 90 and 95 mmHg and when the rise in blood pressure after stimuli such as ergometric work is abnormally high. The causes of hypertension are frequently stress situations, heredity, overweight and high salt intake. Pathophysiologically the increase of heart rate and cardiac index without increase of the peripheral vascular resistance is typical. Stimulation of renin-angiotensin system and sympathoadrenal system are generally found. The diagnostic procedure is like that in essential hypertension. The antihypertensive agents of choice are betablockers and diuretics alone or in combination. It is important to notice that borderline hypertension is not a harmless fact but a not negligible risk for cardiovascular diseases.
 ...
PMID:[Borderline hypertension. Clinical significance and therapy]. 612 93

Physiologic studies were performed in 17 normotensive and 13 borderline hypertensive young male subjects, and repeated in 11 and 10 subjects, respectively, after two years. The criteria for normal blood pressure (systolic 120 mm Hg) and borderline hypertension (systolic 140 to 160 mm Hg) had been applied after a long introductory period of observation; nevertheless, the borderline hypertensive group turned out to be normotensive at the time of the second physiologic investigation. The main physiologic characteristics of the group with transient hypertension were overweight, increased total systemic vascular resistance, slightly decreased plasma and blood volume, slightly decreased plasma renin and noradrenaline levels, and significantly increased renal blood flow. Both overweight, increased vascular resistance, and increased renal blood flow persisted after normalization of blood pressure. A unifying concept is lacking.
 ...
PMID:Pathophysiologic features of hypertension in young men. 633 24

Systemic hemodynamics, intravascular volume, and plasma renin activity were determined in 135 lean, midly obese, or distinctly overweight subjects who were normotensive or had borderline or established essential hypertension. Cardiac output (but not index) was higher and peripheral resistance lower in obese than in lean subjects, except in borderline hypertension. Intravascular volume was increased in obese patients, and more so when corrected for body height; correction for body weight led to relative volume contraction. Intravascular volume correlated directly with cardiac output in the entire population, as well as in the subgroups. Intravascular volume correlated inversely with total peripheral resistance in all subjects and in each subgroup. Both correlations remained significant when an approximation was used to correct influences of obesity on total blood volume. Sodium excretion was higher in obese than in lean subjects. Thus, despite the expanded intravascular volume in obesity, the pathophysiologic relationship between systemic hemodynamics and intravascular volumes remains unchanged. Relatively low peripheral resistance in obesity may decrease the risk of systemic vascular disease. Nevertheless, since circulating volume is increased, the greater venous return adds an additional load to a left ventricle that is already burdened by a high afterload caused by arterial hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Obesity and essential hypertension. Hemodynamics, intravascular volume, sodium excretion, and plasma renin activity. 700 72

Several blood-pressure-regulating factors including exchangeable sodium, blood volume, plasma renin, aldosterone, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E) levels, urinary catecholamine excretion rates, and cardiovascular responsiveness to infused NE and angiotensin II (AII) were compared among age-matched subgroups of normal subjects (15 with normal weight, 15 with overweight) and patients with essential hypertension (15 with either normal weight, overweight, or obesity). Exchangeable sodium, blood volume, plasma and urinary sodium and potassium, plasma renin, aldosterone and epinephrine levels, and NE or E excretion rates did not differ significantly among the five subgroups. Minimal differences included a slightly higher heart rate in overweight patients than in overweight normal subjects (p less than 0.01) and a tendency for a higher plasma NE in overweight than in normal weight patients. Plasma NE obtained immediately before NE infusion as well as the plasma clearance of NE did not differ among the five subgroups except, however, for a somewhat low NE clearance in obese patients. The NE pressor dose tended to be lower in normal-weight hypertensive than in normal-weight normotensive subjects. No alteration was apparent in overweight or obese hypertensive patients. Pressor responses to AII were similar in the different subgroups. These findings suggest that overweight does not confer a unique aberration in the body sodium-volume state, circulating renin, aldosterone or catecholamines, or cardiovascular responses to NE or AII which result in hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Pressor factors and cardiovascular pressor responsiveness in lean and overweight normal or hypertensive subjects. 704 22

Systemic, renal and splanchnic hemodynamics, intravascular volume, circulating catecholamine levels and plasma renin activity were compared in 39 patients with borderline hypertension and 28 normotensive subjects, who were less than 5% (n = 42, lean patients) or more than 40% overweight (n = 25, obese patients). Lean borderline hypertensive patients had greater cardiac output (p less than 0.05), heart rate (p less than 0.01) and renal blood flow (p less than 0.05); cardiopulmonary redistribution of intravascular volume (p less than 0.05); and higher circulating norepinephrine levels (p less than 0.05). Obese normotensive subjects also showed an increased cardiac output (p less than 0.005), stroke volume (p less than 0.01), left ventricular stroke work (p less than 0.05), and renal blood flow (p less than 0.05) (but not respective indexes), but intravascular volume was expanded (p less than 0.05) without redistribution and circulating catecholamine levels were normal. Obese borderline hypertensive patients had hemodynamic characteristics similar to those of obese normotensive subjects except for an increased peripheral resistance (p less than 0.05). The data indicate that although both populations have an increased cardiac output, the lean borderline hypertensive patients have signs of enhanced adrenergic activity as evidenced by higher circulating catecholamine levels and heart rate with blood volume translocation to the cardiopulmonary circulation. In contrast, the obese subjects (whether normotensive or borderline hypertensive), who also have increased cardiac output, seem to have normal adrenergic activity and an expanded intravascular volume without cardiopulmonary redistribution.
 ...
PMID:Borderline hypertension and obesity: two prehypertensive states with elevated cardiac output. 708 20


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>