Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.23.15 (renin)
 35,795 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new series of renin inhibitors has been developed. The inhibitors feature a novel replacement for the P2/P3 dipeptide moiety normally associated with renin inhibitors. The dipeptide replacement was a (2S,4S)-3-aza(or oxa)-2,4-dialkylglutaric acid amide. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies determined that optimum potency was achieved when inhibitors employed a benzyl and butyl group at the C(4) and C(2) carbon position, respectively. In addition, maximum in vitro potency was obtained when the N-terminus was functionalized by incorporating a 4-(1,3-dioxabutyl)piperidine amide. SAR data suggested that the 1,3-dioxabutyl group (methoxymethyl ether) interacted by hydrogen bonding to groups in the S4 domain of renin. This hypothesis was strengthened when a 4-butylpiperidine amide was substituted and inhibitor potency decreased dramatically. Inhibitors employing this novel dipeptide mimic were prepared by coupling the glutaric acid amides with either the transition-state mimic (2S,3R,4S)-2-amino-1-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydroxy-6- methylheptane (18) or the hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere. The glutaric acid amides were prepared by two general procedures. The first procedure involved the reductive amination of alpha-amino acid esters with alpha-keto esters. The second procedure involved the displacement reaction of alpha-bromo esters or acids with alpha-amino acid amides.
 ...
PMID:Nonpeptide renin inhibitors employing a novel 3-aza(or oxa)-2,4-dialkyl glutaric acid moiety as a P2/P3 amide bond replacement. 158 54

Seven active tetrapeptide amides characterized by a C-terminal phenylalanyl aminoadamantane (PheNHAd) sequence, were identified by selective testing for human renin inhibitory activity among compounds with adjacent hydrophobic groups and molecular size equivalent to 3-5 amino acid residues. The new inhibitors were compared with known renin inhibitors (RIP, pepstatin, H-77) and opioid analgesic agents (Met-enkephalin, morphine), with the following results: The new inhibitors were active against human renin (IC50 approximately 10-5M), but inactive against rat renin and pepsin. Although active in opiate receptor binding studies (IC50 approximately 10(-7)M), they were, with few exceptions, inactive in the mouse writhing and hot plate tests for analgesia. SAR studies suggested a separation of the renin inhibitory from the analgesic activity of enkephalin analogs. Preliminary experiments with sodium-depleted rhesus monkeys indicated hypotensive activity for three of the new inhibitors at 3 mg/kg i.v., and RIP at 1 mg/kg. The recently reported clinical hypotensive properties of RIP (Zusman et al., Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 96:365, 1983) along with the present comparative studies suggest that the new inhibitors may lead to clinically useful agents.
 ...
PMID:New class of inhibitors specific for human renin. 300 Jun 56

Cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) was studied in rats treated for 7 days with cyclosporine (10 mg x kg-1 x day-1 im) or vehicle (CON). CIN rats displayed characteristic reductions in glomerular filtration (GFR) and renal blood blood flow (RBF), and electron microscopy showed injury to proximal cells. Metabolic studies (7 day) showed significantly lower renal sodium excretion in conscious CIN rats compared with CON. In anesthetized rats at similar blood pressures, nephron GFR (SNGFR) was lower in CIN than CON, but fractional Na reabsorption was similar. In CIN, SNGFR, measured proximally to block flow to the sensing site of tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) at the macula densa, was not significantly different than distal SNGFR. The rate of distal fluid delivery was significantly lower in CIN than in CON. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with captopril (CAP, 10 mg/kg iv), or saralasin (SAR, 0.3 mg x kg-1 x h-1 iv) caused marked arterial hypotension in CIN and a fall in renal vascular resistance (RVR). With arterial pressure controlled, CAP or SAR increased GFR and RBF, and reduced RVR in CIN, but did not reverse the renal deficits compared with similarly treated CON. RBF autoregulation in CIN was impaired between 90 and 140 mmHg but was partially restored by CAP. We conclude that both the filtered load and excretion rate of sodium in CIN are significantly reduced compared with controls, that SNGFR in CIN is not depressed by TGF in response to elevated distal fluid delivery, and that the RAS is not a primarily mediator of the renal vasoconstriction in CIN.
 ...
PMID:Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: sodium excretion, autoregulation, and angiotensin II. 355 31

We have found that both enantiomeric configurations of the 6-alkoxymethyl-1-aryl-2-piperazinone scaffold display equipotent renin inhibition activity and similar SAR patterns. This enantiomeric flexibility is in contrast to a previously reported 3-alkoxymethyl-4-arylpiperidine scaffold.
 ...
PMID:Equipotent activity in both enantiomers of a series of ketopiperazine-based renin inhibitors. 1583 27

The action of renin is the rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a key regulator of blood pressure. Effective renin inhibitors directly block the RAS entirely at source and, thus, may provide a vital weapon for hypertension therapy. Our efforts toward identifying novel small-molecule peptidomimetic renin inhibitors have resulted in the design of transition-state isosteres such as 1 bearing an all-carbon 8-phenyl-octanecarboxamide framework. Optimization of the extended P3 portion of 1 and extensive P2' modifications provided analogues with improved in vitro potencies in the presence of plasma. X-ray resolution of rh-renin/38a in the course of SAR work surprisingly unveiled the exploitation of a previously unexplored pocket (S3sp) important for strong binding affinities. Several inhibitors demonstrated oral efficacy in sodium-depleted marmosets. The most potent, 38a, induced dose-dependently a pronounced reduction in mean arterial blood pressure, paralleled by complete blockade of active plasma renin, up to 8 h post-dose. Oral bioavailability of 38a was 16% in marmosets.
 ...
PMID:Novel 2,7-dialkyl-substituted 5(S)-amino-4(S)-hydroxy-8-phenyl-octanecarboxamide transition state peptidomimetics are potent and orally active inhibitors of human renin. 1782 79

The identification of highly selective small molecule di-substituted pyridinyl aminohydantoins as beta-secretase inhibitors is reported. The more potent and selective analogs demonstrate low nanomolar potency for the BACE1 enzyme as measured in a FRET assay, and exhibit comparable activity in a cell-based (ELISA) assay. In addition, these pyridine-aminohydantoins are highly selectivity (>500x) against the other structurally related aspartyl proteases BACE2, cathepsin D, pepsin and renin. Our design strategy followed a traditional SAR approach and was supported by molecular modeling studies based on the previously reported aminohydantoin 3a. We have taken advantage of the amino acid difference between the BACE1 and BACE2 at the S2' pocket (BACE1 Pro(70) changed to BACE2 Lys(86)) to build ligands with >500-fold selectivity against BACE2. The addition of large substituents on the targeted ligand at the vicinity of this aberration has generated a steric conflict between the ligand and these two proteins, thus impacting the ligand's affinity and selectivity. These ligands have also shown an exceptional selectivity against cathepsin D (>5000-fold) as well as the other aspartyl proteases mentioned. One of the more potent compounds (S)-39 displayed an IC(50) value for BACE1 of 10nM, and exhibited cellular activity with an EC(50) value of 130nM in the ELISA assay.
 ...
PMID:Di-substituted pyridinyl aminohydantoins as potent and highly selective human beta-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors. 2004 48

The discovery and SAR of a new series of substituted amino propanamide renin inhibitors are herein described. This work has led to the preparation of compounds with in vitro and in vivo profiles suitable for further development. Specifically, challenges pertaining to oral bioavailability, covalent binding and time-dependent CYP 3A4 inhibition were overcome thereby culminating in the identification of compound 50 as an optimized renin inhibitor with good efficacy in the hypertensive double-transgenic rat model.
 ...
PMID:Design and optimization of a substituted amino propanamide series of renin inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension. 2020 13

Time-dependent inhibitors of CYPs have the potential to perpetrate drug-drug interactions in the clinical setting. After finding that several leading compounds in a novel series of substituted amino propanamide renin inhibitors inactivated CYP3A4 in an NADPH-dependent and time-dependent manner, a search to identify the cause of this liability was initiated. Extensive SAR revealed that the amide bridge present in compound 1 as a possible culprit. Through the installation of a metabolic soft spot distal to this moiety, potent renin inhibitors with improved CYP profile were identified.
 ...
PMID:Addressing time-dependent CYP 3A4 inhibition observed in a novel series of substituted amino propanamide renin inhibitors, a case study. 2067 18

The discovery and SAR of a series of potent renin inhibitors possessing a novel biaryl scaffold are described herein. Molecular modeling revealed that the cyclopropylamide spacer present in 1 can be replaced by a simple, substituted aromatic ring such as a toluene in 2. The resulting compounds exhibit subnanomolar renin IC(50) and good oral bioavailability in rats.
 ...
PMID:Identification of a new biaryl scaffold generating potent renin inhibitors. 2072 50

The discovery of a new series of piperidine-based renin inhibitors is described herein. SAR optimization upon the P3 renin sub-pocket is described, leading to the discovery of 9 and 41, two bioavailable renin inhibitors orally active at low doses in a transgenic rat model of hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Design and optimization of new piperidines as renin inhibitors. 2084 86


1 2 Next >>