Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.22.61 (caspase-8)
 6,833 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Because apoptosis is deregulated in most cancers, apoptosis-modulating approaches offer an attractive opportunity for clinical therapy of many tumors, including that of the prostate. LNCaP-derived C4-2 human prostate cancer cells are quite resistant to treatment with Apo2 ligand (Apo2L) or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), when using a nontagged, Zn-bound recombinant trimeric version that is devoid of any exogeneous sequences and therefore least likely to be immunogenic in human patients and that has been optimized for maximum efficacy and minimum toxicity. When combined with the topoisomerase I inhibitor CPT-11 (irinotecan), Apo2L/TRAIL exhibits enhanced apoptotic activity in C4-2 cells cultured in vitro as well as xenografted as tumors in vivo. Apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo was characterized by two major molecular events. First, apoptosis induction was accompanied by changes in expression levels of the Bcl-2 family genes and their products. However, whereas combination treatment applied to in vitro cell culture was characterized by a significant up-regulation and activation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-xL, the treatment applied to tumors induced Bak and Bcl-xS, whereas Bcl-omega and Bcl-xL were down-regulated. Because there are multiple members of the Bcl-2 family (24 members to date), these data indicate that, under different biological conditions, different proteins may be responsible for activating apoptosis and provide evidence for a differential regulation of the multidomain Bcl-2 protein-encoding genes, bax and bak. Increased Bax expression led to its activation, translocation to the mitochondria, and release of cytochrome c. In addition, this combination treatment induced apoptosis through potent activation of caspase-8 and the proapoptotic protein Bid, resulting in activation of effector caspase-3 and cleavage of its cellular target protein, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), events blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor N-tert-butoxy-carbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoro methylketone (zVAD-fmk). Activation of multiple caspases and PARP cleavage were also observed in the C4-2 tumors treated with doses resulting in effective tumor control at 42 days after Apo2L/TRAIL plus CPT-11 treatment. Down-regulation of Bax by small interference (RNA) (siRNA) in C4-2 cells significantly prevented PARP cleavage and apoptosis. Strikingly, similar experiments in cells stably expressing a dominant-negative death receptor DR5 led to complete ablation of PARP cleavage and apoptosis, indicating the essential role of both mitochondrial and receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways. Our data indicate that the combined treatment of Apo2L/TRAIL and CPT-11 achieves tumor control in prostate cancer tumors through regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and potent activation of caspases.
 ...
PMID:Apoptosis induction in prostate cancer cells and xenografts by combined treatment with Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and CPT-11. 1290 54

Certain hydrophobic bile acids, including deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, exert toxic effects not only in the liver but also in the intestine. Moreover, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which has protective actions against apoptosis in the liver, may have both protective and toxic effects in the intestine. The goal of the present study was to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the toxic effect of UDCA in intestinal HT-29 cells. Here, we show that UDCA potentiated both phosphatidylserine externalization and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation induced by SN-38, the most potent metabolite of the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, CPT-11. Furthermore, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as mitochondrial membrane permeability transition induced by SN-38 was enhanced in the presence of UDCA, resulting in an increased lethality determined by colony-forming assay. This UDCA-induced increased apoptosis was not due to alteration of either intracellular accumulation of SN-38 or cell cycle arrest by SN-38. The increased apoptosis was best observed when UDCA was present after SN-38 stimulation and was independent of caspase-8 but dependent on caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, UDCA enhanced SN-38-induced c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activation. In conclusion, UDCA increases the apoptotic effects while decreasing the necrotic effects of SN-38 when added after the topoisomerase I inhibitor, showing potential clinical relevance as far as targeted cell death and improved wound healing are concerned. However, the use of this bile acid as an enhancer in antitumor chemotherapy should be further evaluated clinically.
 ...
PMID:Enhancement of DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor-induced apoptosis by ursodeoxycholic acid. 1643 64

The combination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is currently used in the treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma. When compared to both agents alone, CPT-11 followed by 5-FU treatment demonstrated a synergistic effect. This observation can be related to increased in apoptosis induction after caspase activation. Several studies have demonstrated that changes in mitochondrial membrane potential occur earlier in apoptosis. In this study, we verified whether the collapse in mitochondrial membrane and the activation of caspases is responsible for increased apoptosis observed with CPT-11/5-FU treatment. Thus, HT-29 and SNU-C4 human colon carcinoma cell lines were exposed for 24 h to each drug alone, and to various combinations and treatment sequences, and assessed for colony formation, changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9. The CPT-11/5-FU treatment induced apoptosis in both cell lines; however, the most pronounced effect was observed in HT-29 cells. In these cells, both caspase-3 and -9 were involved in the activation of apoptosis after CPT-11/5-FU treatment. Moreover, in these cells, a reduction of 50% in mitochondrial membrane potential was observed with this treatment. On the other hand, in the SNU-C4 cell line in addition to caspase-3 and-9, caspase-8 seems to be important to apoptosis after CPT-11/5-FU treatment. Furthermore, in this cell line we did not observe alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential. In spite of the differences among the cell lines, these results indicated that the increase in apoptosis in HT-29 cells observed with CPT-11 followed by 5-FU treatment could be explained by a disruption in mitochondria membrane potential that induced caspases activation.
 ...
PMID:Irinotecan/5-fluorouracil combination induces alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential and caspases on colon cancer cell lines. 1649 56

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent with tumor-selective apoptotic activity. TRAIL plays a role in the innate and adaptive immune response and autoimmune disease and may also be involved in hepatic cell death and inflammation. For these reasons, chronic exposure to TRAIL may have deleterious side effects in patients as a cancer therapeutic. In this study, we have improved the antitumor activity of TRAIL by targeted delivery to the tumor vasculature, leading to dramatic enhancement of its therapeutic properties. TRAIL was fused to the ACDCRGDCFC peptide (named RGD-L-TRAIL), a ligand of alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(5) integrins. Biological activity was evaluated in vitro and antitumor efficacy was investigated in vivo as a single agent and in combination with irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11). The fusion protein RGD-L-TRAIL, but not TRAIL or RGE-L-TRAIL, specifically bound to microvascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner and showed enhanced apoptosis-inducing activity (caspase-3 and caspase-8 activation) in alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(5) integrin-positive cancer cells. In addition, RGD-L-TRAIL was more effective in suppressing tumor growth of COLO-205 tumor-bearing mice than an equivalent dose of TRAIL. The antitumor effect of RGD-L-TRAIL was further enhanced by combination with CPT-11 in both TRAIL-sensitive COLO-205 and TRAIL-resistive HT-29 tumor xenograft models. Our findings suggest that the novel fusion protein RGD-L-TRAIL can directly target tumor endothelial cells as well as alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(5) integrin-positive tumor cells. The tumor-targeted delivery of TRAIL derivatives, such as RGD-L-TRAIL, may prove to be a promising lead candidate for cancer therapy.
 ...
PMID:Enhancement of antitumor properties of TRAIL by targeted delivery to the tumor neovasculature. 1841 98