Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.22.6 (chymopapain)
 407 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Histamine release can occur in response to anaphylactic or chemically mediated anaphylactoid reactions during general anesthesia. Narcotics and muscle relaxants have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo to cause significant histamine release. This histamine release appears to be directly related to changes in the cardiovascular system that are often seen during anesthesia. The use of combined H1 and H2 antagonists to attenuate the effects of anaphylactoid reactions in humans has been shown in several controlled trials. In addition, recent experience with chymopapain administration suggests that the use of H1 and H2 antagonists may be useful in the prophylaxis of immunologically mediated reactions.
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PMID:Histamine release in anesthesia and surgery. 244 87

An experimental model of disc herniation in tail discs of rats is described. Constant result on nucleus hernia and intervertebral narrowing were obtained by an easy manipulation on numerous rats. Intradiscal injection of aprotinin produced a widening of the disc height. Trypsin, collagenase, chymopapain, and hyaluronidase induced a narrowing of disc height; trypsin induced macroscopic necrosis of the soft surrounding tissues; and collagenase had a destructive effect on nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and even on end-plates. Chymopapain and hyaluronidase acted mainly on nucleus pulposus. Hyaluronidase could be of interest as a nucleolytic drug and needs further studies on optimal dosage and lack of side effects in the surrounding tissues before injecting it into human discs.
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PMID:Experimental model of disc herniations in rats for study of nucleolytic drugs. 244 86

The amino-acid sequence of chymopapain is presented. It was isolated from the latex of the fruits from the tropical species Carica papaya L. and is, besides papain and papaya proteinase omega, the third thiol proteinase from this source. The primary structure contains 218 amino-acid residues. It was deduced from sequence analysis of the native enzyme and of peptides obtained by tryptic, chymotryptic, peptic, thermolysinolytic and mild acidic hydrolysis. Out of a total of eight cysteine residues, six are involved in the formation of three disulfide bonds, the location of which has been established with the help of peptic and thermolysinolytic peptides and fragments, obtained by mild acidic hydrolysis. Chymopapain shares 126 identical amino-acid residues (58%) with papain and 141 (65%) with papaya proteinase omega, including the three disulfide bridges and the free cysteine in position 25, required for activity. Except some amino-acid residues in the substrate-binding site, all residues involved in the catalytic mechanism are conserved. The homology between papaya proteinases is discussed.
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PMID:The thiol proteinases from the latex of Carica papaya L. III. The primary structure of chymopapain. 250 Sep 50

A procedure is described for the purification of a previously undetected cysteine proteinase, which we have called papaya proteinase IV, from spray-dried latex of the papaya (Carica papaya) plant. The purification involves affinity chromatography on Gly-Phe-aminoacetonitrile linked to CH-Sepharose 4B, with elution by 2-hydroxyethyl disulphide at pH 4.5. The product thus obtained is a mixture of almost fully active papain and papay proteinase IV, which are then separated by cation-exchange chromatography. A preliminary characterization of papaya proteinase IV showed it to be very similar to chymopapain in both molecular size and charge. However, the new enzyme is immunologically distinct from the previously characterized cysteine proteinases of papaya latex. It also differs in its lack of activity against the synthetic substrates of the other papaya proteinases, in its narrow specificity against protein substrates and its lack of inhibition by chicken cystatin. Papaya proteinase IV is abundant, contributing almost 30% of the protein in spray-dried papaya latex, and contamination of chymopapain preparations with this enzyme may account for some of the previously reported heterogeneity of chymopapain.
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PMID:Affinity purification of the novel cysteine proteinase papaya proteinase IV, and papain from papaya latex. 250 61

Between 1% and 13% of lumbar disk hernias lie in a very lateral position outside the canal. Diagnosis of the disease is based mainly on CT scan with x-ray. Once conservative therapy has failed, surgery has hitherto been the only treatment proposed, but this generally requires sacrifice of an articular mass. The authors report their experience with chemonucleolysis with chymopapain in five patients presenting this type of hernia. Cure was obtained in four cases. The main advantage of the technique is that osteo-articular structures are preserved.
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PMID:[Chemonucleolysis. A therapeutic alternative in extra-canalicular lumbar disk hernias]. 251 Apr 52

Chymopapain (Discase) was injected at a dose of 0.125 nanokatal unit into the intervertebral discs of rabbits, and sequential changes in the metabolism of water, proteoglycan, collagen, and noncollagenous protein were investigated separately in the nucleus pulposus, anterior, and posterior anulus fibrosus. One week after chymopapain injection, the water and proteoglycan content was lower in all of the fractionated tissues of the anterior and posterior anulus and nucleus pulposus of the discs than in the control discs. In the anterior and posterior anulus, the proteoglycan content recovered after 12 weeks, but there was no recovery in the nucleus pulposus. The collagen content continued to increase up to the 12th week in the nucleus pulposus, while the noncollagenous protein content decreased in all tissue fractions after 1 week. In the anterior and posterior anulus, the content of noncollagenous protein recovered after 3 to 6 weeks, but there was no recovery in the nucleus pulposus. The lysine incorporation in collagen and noncollagenous protein was inhibited in all tissue fractions after 12 weeks, suggesting a decrease in synthetic activity. The intradiscal pressure calculated from proteoglycan hydration at 1 to 6 weeks after chymopapain injection showed a marked decrease to 0.8 to 0.9 atm, but it recovered to 1.6 atm after 12 weeks.
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PMID:Water, fixed charge density, protein contents, and lysine incorporation into protein in chymopapain-digested intervertebral disc of rabbit. 251 52

Elevated serum levels of keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronate (HA) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) have been reported. We measured KS and HA in dogs to determine if there was an elevation of these serum glycosaminoglycans in a canine model of OA. A single intraarticular injection of 1 mg of chymopapain into a shoulder joint increased serum KS by tenfold, and HA by less than twofold, in 24 hours. Serum KS and HA levels were 3-5-fold higher in dogs younger than 2 months of age than in older dogs. Serum KS and HA concentrations and synovial fluid KS concentrations were unrelated to spontaneous cartilage degeneration in 1-year-old dogs. Higher KS levels in synovial fluid correlated with higher KS levels in serum (r = 0.54, P less than 0.025). The mean KS concentration in sera of older dogs (greater than 3 years old) with OA was 37% higher than that in disease-free controls, but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Thus, elevated levels of serum KS and HA do not appear to have clinical significance in this model of OA.
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PMID:Canine serum keratan sulfate and hyaluronate concentrations. Relationship to age and osteoarthritis. 252 84

Painful symptomatology in the lower limbs coming on with walking must not systematically be attributed to arteritis of the lower limbs. Among the characteristics which may suggest that this "claudication" is due to a narrowed lumbar canal, is the presence of paresthesia and above all the clear improvement when the patient is seated or adopts a lumbar kyphotic position. It is therefore extremely important to keep in mind the radicular topography of pain and neurological deficit. The congenitally narrow lumbar canals rarely produce problems unless there is further narrowing of the lumbar or radicular canal by a disco-osteophytic projection anteriorly, a posterior articular osteophytic projection posteriorly, thickening of the ligamentum flavum, an abnormal widening of the dural sheath, or excess peridural fat. Among the complementary investigations, CAT scan is useful to analyse the structures involved, but this examination is carried out in decubitus, i.e., without lordosis, while narrowing principally appears on lumbar extension, i.e., in the upright position. Saccoradiculography therefore remains the investigation of choice, performed in the seated and upright position. It can objectively assess the degree of narrowing and analyse the proportion due to the anterior discal or posterior articular component. This investigation should only be requested after failure of medical treatment based above all on analgesics, physiotherapy in lumbar kyphosis, and an abdomino-lumbar corset support. In the event of failure of medical treatment and if the patient is very handicapped, one most often resorts to decompressive surgery, however when narrowing is principally due to a discal projection, one may attempt discolysis with chymopapain.
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PMID:[Radicular claudication with a narrowed lumbar canal]. 252 41

Eighty-five patients with proven lumbar disc displacement who had failed at least 3 months of conservative care were enrolled in this prospective study. The patients were self-selected into one of three treatment groups: collagenase, chymopapain, or surgery, based on information provided regarding the nature benefits and risks of each. Pain levels were self-recorded by patients in the post-treatment period, and follow-up physical examinations were performed and data were collected regarding hospital stay and return to activities for 3 months post-treatment. Patient's pain perception post-treatment was statistically lowest in the surgically treated group. The enzyme-injected patients reported higher levels of pain perception throughout the follow-up period, with collagenase-treated patients reporting more pain than chymopapain patients. Surgical patients had the most satisfactory outcome of treatment at 3 months. An explanation regarding the differences in pain response to the two enzymes is offered based on in vitro studies of the effects of the enzymes on the two major structural macromolecules of the connective tissue matrix.
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PMID:Pain response post-chemonucleolysis or disc excision. 254 May 34

The clinical deterioration in a patient after chemonucleolysis with chymopapain is described in a case report. Experiments were carried out, to receive a proper understanding of possible diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The paper discusses the pathophysiology of these complications from the view-points of morphology and function. In the important early differential diagnosis between sequestration and neurotoxic complication, magnetic resonance tomography and possibly also spinally evoked nerve potentials play an important role. If a sequester has formed, immediate surgery is imperative, whereas in neurotoxic complication high dosage level cortisone treatment must be performed.
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PMID:[Clinical deterioration following chemonucleolysis. Sequestration or neurotoxic complication?]. 254 33


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