Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.22.56 (caspase-3)
35,750 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

DNA damaging agents, such as camptothecin, and ionizing radiation (IR), can induce both NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis, however, the mechanism of their inter-regulation is not yet clear. In the present study, we discovered that Akt1 is degraded when cells deficient in Ataxia Telangiectasia mutated (ATM) were treated to CPT for apoptosis induction. While CPT-induced NF-kappaB activation could not be detected in ATM-deficient AT5BIVA cells, caspase-3 activation occurred and was even further enhanced by pretreatment with proteasome inhibitor-1 (Pro1), a NF-kappaB inhibitor. In contrast, activation of NF-kappaB but not of caspase-3 by CPT could be found in normal MRC5CV1 cells. NF-kappaB inhibition by Pro1, dominant negative mutant IkappaBalpha (S32/36) or p65 (N250), however, induced the caspase-3 activation in the normal cells, indicating the role of ATM-mediated NF-kappaB activation against cell apoptosis. On the other hand, interestingly, CPT significantly reduced the level of Akt1, this effect further enhanced by Pro1 pretreatment in AT5BIVA cells. In MRC5CV1 cells, however, Akt1 level could be reduced only when CPT and NF-kappaB inhibitors were co-treated to the cells, and this reversed by DEVD-cho treatment, demonstrating the caspase-3-mediated Akt1 degradation. Moreover, although MRC5CV1 cells were much more resistant to CPT compared with AT5BIVA, wortmannin and LY294002 significantly increased the chemosensitivity of MRC5CV1 cells to CPT. Given the accumulating evidences demonstrating Akt as a promising anticancer therapeutic target, all these results suggest that DNA damage induced apoptosis could be regulated by ATM-mediated NF-kappaB activation, and that Akt1 degradation be necessarily required for this apoptotic process.
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PMID:NF-kappaB inhibition enhances caspase-3 degradation of Akt1 and apoptosis in response to camptothecin. 1746 62

Morphine is recommended as a first-line opioid analgesic in the pain management of cancer patients. Accumulating evidence shows that morphine has anti-apoptotic activity, but its impact on the therapeutic applications of antineoplastic drugs is not well known. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that morphine might antagonize the pro-apoptotic activity of DOX (doxorubicin), a commonly used antitumour drug for the treatment of neuroblastoma, in cultured SH-SY5Y cells. In the present study we demonstrated that morphine suppressed DOX-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and programmed cell death in a concentration-dependent, and naloxone as well as pertussis toxin-irreversible, manner. Further studies showed that morphine inhibited ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation, and prevented DOX-mediated caspase-3 activation, cytochrome c release and changes of Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression. The antioxidant NAC (N-acetylcysteine) also showed the same effects as morphine on DOX-induced ROS generation, caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release and changes in Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) and Bcl-2 protein expression. Additionally, morphine was found to suppress DOX-induced NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) transcriptional activation via a reduction of IkappaBalpha (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB) degradation. These present findings support the hypothesis that morphine can inhibit DOX-induced neuroblastoma cell apoptosis by the inhibition of ROS generation and mitochondrial cytochrome c release, as well as by blockade of NF-kappaB transcriptional activation, and suggests that morphine might have an impact on the antitumour efficiency of DOX.
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PMID:Morphine inhibits doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear factor kappaB transcriptional activation in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. 1754 80

Constitutive active NF-kappaB have been shown to protect cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) cells from apoptosis. In the present study, we have studied the cytotoxic potential of nitric oxide generating compound, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on CTCL cell line, HuT-78. Treatment of cells with SNP resulted in decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3 and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage. SNP treatment inhibited activation of NF-kappaB in a concentration dependent manner. SNP increased the expression of IkappaBalpha without affecting the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. Downregulation of NF-kappaB by SNP decreased p65 nuclear translocation as evident by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Further it was found that SNP treatment caused downregulation of Bcl-2 family member (Bcl-xl) in HuT-78 cells. Thus, we have provided evidence that SNP induces apoptosis in CTCL cell line, HuT-78 by downregulating constitutive NF-kappaB and thereby Bcl-xl expression.
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PMID:Nitric oxide induces apoptosis in cutaneous T cell lymphoma (HuT-78) by downregulating constitutive NF-kappaB. 1755 78

Melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer, is very aggressive and resistant to present therapies. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) has been reported to be constitutively active in many types of cancer. Constitutively active NF-kappaB seen in melanoma likely plays a central role in cell survival and growth. We have established and characterized novel cell lines from our murine melanoma model. Here we report the constitutive activity of NF-kappaB in these melanoma-derived cells, as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and reporter assays. We hypothesized that agents that inhibit NF-kappaB may also inhibit cell proliferation and may induce apoptosis in such melanoma cells. Curcumin has been shown to inhibit NF-kappaB activity in several cell types. In our system, curcumin selectively inhibited growth of melanoma cells, but not normal melanocytes. Curcumin induced melanoma cells to undergo apoptosis, as shown by caspase-3 activation, inversion of membrane phosphatidyl serine, and increases in cells in the sub-G1 phase. A curcumin dose-dependent inhibition of NF-kappaB-driven reporter activity correlated with decreased levels of phospho-IkappaBalpha, and decreased expression of NF-kappaB-target genes COX-2 and cyclin D1. This study demonstrates that the use of cells from our model system can facilitate studies of signaling pathways in melanoma. We furthermore conclude that curcumin, a natural and safe compound, inhibits NF-kappaB activity and the expression of its downstream target genes, and also selectively induces apoptosis of melanoma cells but not normal melanocytes. These encouraging in-vitro results support further investigation of curcumin for treatment of melanoma in vivo.
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PMID:Curcumin downregulates the constitutive activity of NF-kappaB and induces apoptosis in novel mouse melanoma cells. 1788 82

Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from several medicinal plants, has been reported to possess anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Although berberine also inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, the molecular machinery for its inhibitory effects remains unknown. This study focused on the suppressive effects of berberine on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and survival. Berberine inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation and survival while having no cytotoxic effects on bone marrow macrophages or osteoblastic cells. Berberine attenuated RANKL-induced activation of NF-kappaB through inhibiting phosphorylation at the activation loop of IkappaBalpha kinase beta, phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, and NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation. RANKL-induced Akt phosphorylation was strongly inhibited by berberine; however, neither monocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced nor insulin-induced Akt activation was inhibited by the drug. Under M-CSF- and RANKL-deprived condition, berberine increased the active form of caspase-3 in osteoclasts. By contrast, berberine did not potentiate the activation of caspase-3 in M-CSF-deprived bone marrow macrophages. These findings indicate that berberine inhibits osteoclast formation and survival through suppression of NF-kappaB and Akt activation and that both pathways in the osteoclast lineage are highly sensitive to berberine treatment.
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PMID:Berberine inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and survival through suppressing the NF-kappaB and Akt pathways. 1808 61

DNA damage by ionizing radiation (IR) can induce activations of both NF-kappaB and p53 through the upstream kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). NF-kappaB activation could also be signaled through two distinct or overlapped pathways; IkappaB kinases (IKKs)-IkappaBalpha and Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In the present study, however, we show that activation of Akt1 and the subsequent phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3beta by IR could also occur in ATM-deficient AT5BIVA cells as well as in normal MRC5CV1 fibroblasts. Similarly, lithium chloride (LiCl) was found to increase the phosphorylation of GSK-3beta independently of ATM. Transfection with either wild-type or kinase dead mutant GSK-3beta to the cells further indicated that phosphorylations of Akt1 and GSK-3beta were closely associated with the transcriptional transactivation of NF-kappaB in response to ionizing radiation. On the other hand, LiCl, having no effect on caspase-3 activation, significantly increased p53 phosphorylation and apoptotic death of the normal MRC5CV1 cells while IR, activating both caspase-3 and p53, profoundly affected AT5BIVA cell death. Hence, our data suggest that although ATM-mediated IKK-IkappaBalpha pathway might be a typical pathway for IR-induced NF-kappaB activation, GSK-3beta phosphorylation could also partially contribute to the transcriptional transactivation of NF-kappaB in an ATM-independent manner and that GSK-3beta phosphorylation could induce ATM-mediated cell apoptosis through the activation of p53.
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PMID:Ionizing radiation can induce GSK-3beta phosphorylation and NF-kappaB transcriptional transactivation in ATM-deficient fibroblasts. 1824 62

Activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and caspases may greatly amplify inflammation and cell damage in addition to that directly exerted by free radicals. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in acute pancreatitis, we studied whether the administration of chondroitin-4-sulphate (C4S), in addition to its antioxidant activity, was able to modulate NF-kappaB and caspase activation in an experimental model of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Hyperstimulating doses of caerulein (50 microg/ kg), five injections per mouse given at hourly intervals produced the following: high serum lipase and amylase activity; lipid peroxidation, evaluated by 8-isoprostane concentrations; loss of antioxidant defenses such as glutathione reductase (GR) activity; NF-kappaB activation and loss of cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha protein; increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), caspase-3, and caspase-7 gene expression and their related protein; accumulation and activation of neutrophils in the damaged tissue, evaluated by elastase (ELA) determination; and pancreatic injury, evaluated by histologic analysis. Pretreatment of mice with different doses of C4S, given 1 hr before caerulein injections and 1 and 2 hrs after the last caerulein injection, reduced lipid peroxidation, inhibited NF-kappaB translocation and cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha protein loss, decreased TNF-alpha, IL-6, and caspase gene expression and their related protein levels, limited endogenous antioxidant depletion, and reduced tissue neutrophils accumulation and tissue damage. Since molecules with antioxidant activity can block NF-kappaB and apoptosis activation, we suggest that C4S administration is able to block NF-kappaB and caspase activation by reducing the oxidative burst.
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PMID:Chondroitin-4-sulphate reduced oxidative injury in caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice: the involvement of NF-kappaB translocation and apoptosis activation. 1840 39

Angiopathy is a major complication of diabetes. Abnormally high blood glucose is a crucial risk factor for endothelial cell damage. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been demonstrated as a mediated signaling in hyperglycemia or oxidative stress-triggered apoptosis of endothelial cells. Here we explored the efficacy of honokiol, a small molecular weight natural product, on NADPH oxidase-related oxidative stress-mediated NF-kappaB-regulated signaling and apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under hyperglycemic conditions. The methods of morphological Hoechst staining and annexin V/propidium iodide staining were used to detect apoptosis. Submicromolar concentrations of honokiol suppressed the increases of NADPH oxidase activity, Rac-1 phosphorylation, p22(phox) protein expression, and reactive oxygen species production in high glucose (HG)-stimulated HUVECs. The degradation of IkappaBalpha and increase of NF-kappaB activity were inhibited by honokiol in HG-treated HUVECs. Moreover, honokiol (0.125-1 microM) also suppressed HG-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 upregulation and prostaglandin E(2) production in HUVECs. Honokiol could reduce increased caspase-3 activity and the subsequent apoptosis and cell death triggered by HG. These results imply that inhibition of NADPH oxidase-related oxidative stress by honokiol suppresses the HG-induced NF-kappaB-regulated COX-2 upregulation, apoptosis, and cell death in HUVECs, which has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent to prevent hyperglycemia-induced endothelial damage.
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PMID:Inhibition of NADPH oxidase-related oxidative stress-triggered signaling by honokiol suppresses high glucose-induced human endothelial cell apoptosis. 1842 12

Serotonergic 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling leading to nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation appears to be critical for cell survival. Adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (AC/PKA) are effectors of the 5-HT(1A) receptor that are inhibited by Galpha(i) subunits. Conversely, Gbetagamma(i) subunits downstream from the 5-HT(1A) receptor participate in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and NF-kappaB. To model the contribution of pro- and antiapoptotic signaling cascades downstream of activated 5-HT(1A) receptor in cell survival, Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells were employed that exogenously overexpress 5-HT(1A) receptors. Stimulation with the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT and pharmacological agonists of AC induced PKA and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, which in turn inhibited: Akt activity, IkappaBalpha degradation, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, and expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP/BIRC4). Pharmacological inhibition of PP2A with calyculin A potentiated Akt activity while attenuating ERK1/2 signaling via increased inhibitory phosphorylation of Raf (pSer259). In contrast, increased cAMP levels enhanced Bax translocation to the mitochondria, resulting in the release of cytochrome c, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis induction. Our data suggest a central role of cAMP/PKA-dependent PP2A in shifting the homeostasis of intracellular signaling downstream of activated 5-HT(1A) receptor toward cell death in biological systems linked to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Inhibition of 5-HT1A receptor-dependent cell survival by cAMP/protein kinase A: role of protein phosphatase 2A and Bax. 1845 33

Whether inhibiting the activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cell line A549 cells was investigated. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1 (+)/IkappaBalpha expressing IkappaBalpha was constructed. The in vitro cultured A549 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1 (+)/IkappaBalpha alone, or pcDNA3.1 (+)/IkappaBalpha combined with cisplatin. The mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim) was determined by rhodamine 123, the activity of caspase-3 was tested by colorimetric assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry with the annexin V /propidium iodide assay. The results showed that the activity of NF-kappaB in A549 cells was inhibited by transfecting pcDNA3.1(+)/IkappaBalpha. Transfection of pcDNA3.1(+)/IkappaBalpha alone did not promote apoptosis. Treatment of cisplatin alone had a little effect on cell apoptosis. Transfection of pcDNA3.1(+)/IkappaBalpha combined with cisplatin treatment significantly induced apoptosis of A549 cells. It was concluded that inhibiting the activity of NF-B potentiated cisplatin-induced apoptosis of A549 cells.
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PMID:Inhibitory activity of nuclear factor-kappaB potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. 1856 17


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