Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.22.32 (bromelain)
 1,025 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fruit bromelain FA2, the main proteinase component of the juice of pineapple fruit, has been purified and characterized. 1. Efficient extraction of this enzyme from the crude material was possible using "Cellulosin AP," a microbial polysaccharidase preparation containing cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase. The enzyme was purified mainly by successive applications of anion-exchange chromatography, yielding an apparently homogeneous protein as judged by several physical, chemical, and immunochemical criteria. Properties of FA2 include: molecular weight, 31,000; isoelectric point, pH 4.6; absorbance at 280 nm of a 1% solution at pH 7.0 per cm, 19.2. 2. FA2 gave only alanine phenylthiohydantoin upon amino-terminal group analysis by the Edman procedure. Stepwise degradation yielded the amino-terminal sequence Ala-Val-Pro-Gln-Ser-Ile-Asp-Trp-Arg-Asp-Tyr-Gly-Ala. The amino acid composition of FA2 was not markedly different from that of stem bromelain, except for a much smaller lysine content and a smaller alanine content relative to glycine in FA2. FA2 contained neither amino sugars nor neutral carbohydrates as determined by several methods, so FA2 is not a glycoprotein. 3. By labeling the reactive cysteine residue (CYS) with [14C]iodoacetate, the following partial amino acid sequence has been determined. Asn-Glx-Asn-Pro-Cys-Gly-Ala-CYS.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of a proteinase from pineapple fruit, fruit bromelain FA2. 95 52

The amino-terminal sequence and composition of the subunits of the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus has been determined. The hemagglutinin has been isolated by two techniques. (1) as the intact hemagglutinin after disruption of the virus in sodium dodecyl sulfate, giving 2 subunits of 58,000 daltons (HA1) and 26,000 daltons (HA2), and (2) after treatment of the virus with bromelain, giving 2 subunits of 58,000 daltons (BHA1) and 21,000 daltons (BHA2). In both preparations these subunits are linked by disulfide bonds. The aminoterminal sequences of HA1 and BHA1, and HA2 and BHA2 are the same. The composition of the 50 residue peptide associated with the membrane, which is removed from the C-terminus of HA2 by bromelain, is deduced and shown to be hydrophobic and contain 50% of the serine residues of HA2. The biosynthetic precursor of the hemagglutinin has been purified from the membranes of abortively infected chick fibroblasts and shown to have the same amino terminus as HA1. Thus the order of biosynthesis is NH2-HA1-HA2-COOH. The amino-terminal sequence of BHA2--at the cleavage site of the precursor--is shown to be a palindrome: NH2-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ile-. This sequence is conserved in representative viruses from each of the major pandemics. A region of homologous sequence is described between the hemagglutinins of influenza type A and B viruses.
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PMID:Studies on the primary structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. 105 18

Pineapple stem acetone powder provides a rich source of the sulfhydryl protease bromelain and of a family of compositionally similar but chromatographically distinct polypeptide inihibtors of this enzyme. The isoinhibitors have molecular weights of 5600, and they contain five disulfide bonds and about 50 amino acids each (Perlstein, S. H., AND Kezdy, F.J. (1973) J. Supramol. Struct. 1, 249-254). Primary structural analysis of one of the seven inhibitor fractions (VII) revealed extensive microheterogeneity. Each of the inhibitor molecules in Fraction VII was shown to be composed of two peptide chains joined by disulfide bonds. These chains, designated A and B on the basis of size, comprise 41 and 10-11 residues, respectively, and the amino acid sequence of one of each are given below: (see article for formular). On the basis of ionization properties and yields of the A and B chains, it would appear that one of the major inhibitor species in Fraction VII is the covalently linked complex of the two chains shown, namely [A-1, B-2]. The second major inhibitor component of Fraction VII is identical in structure with [A-1, B-2i1 except that residues 1 and 8 in the A chain are pyroglutamate and threonine, respectively, and in the B chain glutamine 11 is replaced by arginine. The third inhibitor in Fraction VII is a minor constituent identical with the second, except that residue 1 in the A chain is glutamate rather than pyroglutamate. This microheterogeneity in the inhibitors of Fraction VII is further increased by the fact that B chains may lack threonine 1, in which case they are decapeptides beginning with alanine. On the basis of the striking homology of the cysteine residues with those of other protease inhibitors, it is proposed that the bromelain inhibitors are generated enzymatically from single chain precursors by excision of a "bridge" paptide which links the NH-2 termal A chain to the COOH-terminal B chain.
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PMID:Primary structural analysis of sulfhydryl protease inhibitors from pineapple stem. 111 27

Human germ cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP), which shares 98% amino acid sequence identity with the placental AP (PLAP), is expressed by malignant trophoblasts. Protein sequence analysis suggests that the Ser residue at position 92 is the putative active site of GCAP which contains two recognition sequences (Asn122-Thr-Thr124 and Asn249-Arg-Thr251) for asparagine-linked glycosylation. To examine the roles of the Ser residue and glycan moieties on GCAP activity and processing, we altered the GCAP cDNA by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed the GCAP mutants in COS-1 cells. Substitution of Ser-92 with either a Thr (S92T) or an Ala (S92A) residue yielded a GCAP devoid of catalytic activity, suggesting that the Ser codon 92 is the active site of GCAP. Six GCAP mutants that lack one or both glycosylation sites were constructed by substituting either Asn-122 or Asn-249 with an Asp residue or either Thr-124 or Thr-251 with an Ala residue. The mature GCAP migrated as a 65-kDa product, but GCAP mutants lacking one or both glycosylation sites migrated as 62- or 58-kDa polypeptides, respectively, indicating that both sites were glycosylated. All six glycosylated mutants were active enzymatically and, in addition, were equally sensitive to heat, L-leucine, and EDTA inhibition as the parental enzyme. GCAP as well as its two active-site and six glycosylation mutants could be released from the plasma membrane of transfected COS-1 cells by the proteinase bromelain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Structural and functional analysis of human germ cell alkaline phosphatase by site-specific mutagenesis. 155 93

Enzymatic formation of acid-stable trypsin-plasmin inhibitors (ASTPIs) in human plasma with several proteinases, particularly SH-proteinases, was demonstrated. The maximal activity obtained with bromelain was 40 U/ml plasma, which corresponded to about a 10-fold increase as compared to the untreated control plasma (4.2 U/ml). Gel filtration revealed at least two ASTPI activity peaks of molecular weight 16,000 (main peak) and 8000 (minor peak). The main ASTPI was further purified by trypsin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, isoelectric focusing and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine. The purified inhibitor was found to be identical to the active fragment of plasma ASTPI or urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) formed by bromelain treatment. It had an isoelectric point (pI) of 3.7, a molecular weight of 16,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was a glycine- and glutamic acid-rich protein lacking histidine. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was H2N-(Lys)-Glu-Asp-Ser-X-Gln-Leu-Gly-Tyr-Ser-Ala-Gly-Pro-X-Met-Gly-Met-Th r-X-Arg - Tyr-Phe-Tyr-... COOH, which was homologous to the Lys22-Met36 part (or Glu23-Met36 part; 30% of the total) of the plasma ASTPI or UTI molecule (molecular weight 70,000-80,000 by gel filtration). The purified ASTPI displayed the same antigenicity as UTI and exerted strong inhibitory effects on trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasmin amidolysis, but had a much lesser effect on plasmin fibrinolysis. It also strongly inhibited non-plasmic fibrinolysis with human leukocyte proteinase and earthworm proteinase.
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PMID:Acid-stable trypsin-plasmin inhibitors formed enzymatically from plasma precursor protein. 296 15

To check whether crude stem and fruit bromelains can be fractionated further or not, systematic separation procedures were applied to both enzymes. Six proteolytically active components, which were designated as SBB 1-5 and SBA, were fractionated from crude stem bromelain by successive use of gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, and chromatographies on CM-Sephadex and DEAE-Sephacel. One main and one minor active components, designated as FBA and FBB, respectively, were also separated from crude fruit bromelain by chromatographies on DEAE-Sephacel and then CM-Sephadex. Some of the physico-chemical and enzymatic properties of these eight components were compared. Each component migrated as a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights determined by the same electrophoresis were about 27,000 for SBB 1-3 and FBB, and about 23,000 for the other four components. In terms of amino acid composition, FBB resembled SBB 1-3, which were remarkably similar to each other. FBA was also similar to SBA in amino acid composition, and contained much less basic amino acids than SBB 1 through 5. The principal amino-terminal residues determined by the cyanate method were valine in SBB 1-5 and SBA, and alanine in FBA and FBB. The principal carboxyl-terminal residues determined by the hydrazinolysis method were glycine in SBB 1-3, SBA and FBA, and serine in SBB 4-5 and FBB. However, fractional amounts of a few other amino- and carboxyl-terminal residues were also detected. As regards enzymatic activities, FBA and SBB 4 and 5 were much more active than the other five components against casein and some synthetic substrates [Bz-Arg-amide (at pH 6.1), Z-Gly-X, and Z-Ala-X (at pH 3.5)] with the notable exception that FBA was much less active than SBB 4 and 5 toward tripeptides (X-Gly-Gly).
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PMID:Reinvestigation of fractionation and some properties of the proteolytically active components of stem and fruit bromelains. 404 51

1. Purified stem bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) was eluted from Sephadex G-100 as a single peak. The specific activity across the elution peak was approximately constant towards p-nitrophenyl hippurate but increased with elution volume with N(2)-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester as substrate. 2. The apparent molecular weight, determined by elution analysis on Sephadex G-100, is 22500+/-1500, an anomalously low value. 3. Purified stem bromelain was eluted from CM-cellulose CM-32 as a single peak and behaved as a single species during column electrophoresis on Sephadex G-100. 4. Purified stem bromelain migrates as a single band during polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis under a wide variety of conditions. 5. The molecular weight determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate is 28500+/-1000. 6. Sedimentation-velocity and equilibrium-ultracentrifugation experiments, under a variety of conditions, indicate that bromelain is an apparently homogeneous single peptide chain of mol.wt. 28400+/-1400. 7. The N-terminal amino acid composition is 0.64+/-0.04mol of valine and 0.36+/-0.04mol of alanine per mol of enzyme of mol.wt. 28500. (The amino acid recovery of the cyanate N-terminal amino acid analysis was standardized by inclusion of carbamoyl-norleucine at the cyclization stage.) 8. The pH-dependence of the Michaelis parameters of the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-serine methyl ester was determined. 9. The magnitude and pH-dependence of the Michaelis parameters have been interpreted in terms of the mechanism of the enzyme. 10. The enzyme is able to bind N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-serine methyl ester relatively strongly but seems unable to make use of the binding energy to promote catalysis.
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PMID:The structure and mechanism of stem bromelain. Evaluation of the homogeneity of purified stem bromelain, determination of the molecular weight and kinetic analysis of the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-serine methyl ester. 446 42

An endogenous inhibitor of calcium-activated neutral protease (CANP), which was isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle under mild conditions, comprised high- and low-molecular-weight components. The latter (LMW-inhibitor; Mr=50,000) was purified to homogeneity by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B and chromatofocusing. The purified inhibitor is a protein composed of two polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 26,000 and 24,000 daltons. It contains large amounts of glutamic acid, alanine, and serine, and small amounts of aromatic amino acids. It was specific for CANPs having low (m-type) and high (mu-type) Ca2+-sensitivity, had no effect on any other protease examined (trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, bromelain, ficin, papain, thermolysin, etc.), and inhibited rabbit mCANP more effectively than rabbit muCANP or chicken mCANP. It was demonstrated that the inhibition is due to the formation of a stoichiometric complex between two molecules of rabbit mCANP and one inhibitor molecule.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of an inhibitor of calcium-activated neutral protease from rabbit skeletal muscle: purification of 50,000-dalton inhibitor. 609 76

F1-20 and AP-3 are independently described, synapse-associated, developmentally regulated phosphoproteins with similar apparent molecular masses on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). F1-20 was cloned and characterized because of its synapse specificity. AP-3 was purified and studied biochemically because of its function as a clathrin assembly protein. Here we present evidence that establishes the identity of F1-20 and AP-3. Monoclonal antibodies against F1-20 and AP-3 both specifically recognize a single protein from mouse brain with an apparent molecular mass of 190 kDa on SDS-PAGE. These monoclonal antibodies also specifically recognize the cloned F1-20 protein expressed in Escherichia coli. The anti-F1-20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) stains a bovine protein with an apparent molecular mass on SDS-PAGE of 190 kDa that copurifies with brain clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) and that can be extracted from the brain CCVs under conditions that extract AP-3. The anti-F1-20 and anti-AP-3 mAbs specifically recognize the same spot on a two-dimensional gel run on a bovine brain clathrin-coated vesicle extract. AP-3 purified from bovine brain CCVs is recognized by both the anti-F1-20 and anti-AP-3 mAbs. Purified preparations of bovine AP-3 and bacterially expressed mouse F1-20 give identical patterns of protease digestion with bromelain and subtilisin. Sequence analyses reveal that F1-20 has an essentially neutral 30-kDa NH2-terminal domain with an amino acid composition typical of a globular structure and an acidic COOH-terminal domain rich in proline, serine, threonine, and alanine. This is consistent with proteolysis experiments that suggested that AP-3 could be divided into a 30-kDa globular uncharged clathrin-binding domain and an acidic, anomalously migrating domain.
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PMID:The synapse-specific phosphoprotein F1-20 is identical to the clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 768 48

Two component random copolypeptide membranes, consisting of N-hydroxyalkyl L-glutamine and L-alanine or L-leucine were prepared by carrying out aminolysis reactions with 2-amino-1-ethanol (E) or 5-amino-1-pentanol (Pe), together with a cross-linking reaction with 1,8-octamethylenediamine (OMDA) on membranes of the starting copolymers consisting of gamma-benzyl L-glutamate (B) and L-alanine (A) or L-leucine (L). The relationships between their bulk structure and membrane properties were investigated, such as the swelling ratio in water, aqueous vapour permeability, tensile properties and enzymatic degradation behaviour of the membranes in a pseudo-extracellular fluid (PECF). The tensile properties of the hydrophilic membranes were highly dependent on the swelling ratio of PECF, and the hydrophobicity of the side chains, whose behaviour was typical of an elastomer. We showed that a common relation was obtained between the rate of water vapour permeability and the swelling ratio of membranes in PECF despite the difference of the nature of the side chains. Biodegradation of these membranes in vitro by bromelain indicated that the degradation was a bulk rather than a surface phenomenon, and that the rate of degradation was also highly dependent on the swelling ratio of samples and on the hydrophobicity of the side chains of samples.
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PMID:Biodegradation of random copolypeptide membranes consisting of N-hydroxyalkyl L-glutamine as one component. 832 21


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