Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.73 (urokinase-type plasminogen activator)
10,685 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the pathogenesis of the bleeding disorder in acute promyelocytic leukemia by measuring procoagulant, profibrinolytic, and proinflammatory mediators in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells from 25 previously untreated patients. Patients were induced with either all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or chemotherapy. Plasma levels of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), fibrin d-dimer, thrombin antithrombin (TAT) complex, prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator-inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were measured before and after therapy, as was the cellular expression of the genes for tissue factor (TF) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). The mean plasma levels of fibrin d-dimer, F1.2, TAT and FPA were markedly elevated prior to therapy and declined during the first 30 days of treatment with either ATRA or chemotherapy, but more rapidly and to a greater extent in patients treated with ATRA. ATRA treatment was associated with a significant decrease in TF gene expression in bone marrow cells during the first 30 days of treatment, whereas IL-1 beta gene expression, which decreased in the cells of six patients treated with either chemotherapy or ATRA, actually increased in the remaining six patients treated with either chemotherapy or ATRA. In patients with APL, treatment with either chemotherapy or ATRA rapidly ameliorates the coagulopathy, as indicated by an abrupt decline in markers of clotting activation. An increase in cytokine gene expression (e.g. IL-1 beta) may provide an explanation for the persistent hypercoagulability observed in some patients with APL, regardless of therapeutic approach. Our data confirms and extends earlier observations by others that ATRA is more effective than chemotherapy alone in rapidly reducing the procoagulant burden of APL tumor cells. However, our data also suggests that cytokine expression in some patients may be accelerated by either chemotherapy or ATRA. The implications of this observation for understanding the retinoic acid syndrome will require further studies.
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PMID:Effects of all-trans retinoic acid or chemotherapy on the molecular regulation of systemic blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. 1530 40

Semen contains enzymes and inhibitors of the haemostatic system as well as the high molecular weight seminal vesicle (HMW-SV) proteins. The former may have roles in seminal clotting and in liquefaction through "fibrinolytic" activity, which may ultimately affect fertility. Although a limited number of studies have addressed the subject, the role of clotting and fibrinolytic factors in semen remains poorly understood. The liquefaction time and the distribution of components vary across split ejaculates. This may have an important bearing on the way clotting/fibrinolytic factors in semen are assessed. Semen contains tissue factor (TF, Thromboplastin, CD142), which originates from the prostate and is associated with prostasomes. The function of TF (and prostasomes) in semen is still a matter for speculation. Recently the presence of minute amounts of factor VII in semen has been demonstrated but its importance is uncertain. Semen also contains a thrombin-like enzyme, prothrombin fragments 1 and 2 (F1+2), D-dimer (DD) and thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes. The presence of several fibrinolytic factors has been demonstrated in semen but few questions about their potential impact on semen quality have been raised. Factors found include tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), urinary plasminogen activator (u-PA) and plasmin. There are also traces of fibrinogen, plasminogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:c) and fibrin monomers. The co-ordinate expression of both TF and PAI-1 by decidual cells of the endometrium is believed to be important in maintaining haemostasis during endovascular trophoblast invasion. Kallikrein-like serine protease inhibitors including prostate specific antigen (PSA) are known to be present in semen at high concentrations. In semen PSA is also found in a complex form with protein C inhibitor (PCI) with mutually inhibitory consequences. A better understanding of the spectrum of coagulating and liquefaction agents in semen to include classical haemostatic processes and the pathogenesis resulting from any imbalances between or within either system may provide the basis for the development of more selective and efficient agents affecting global fertility. Here we review aspects of male reproductive physiology in the light of recent findings concerning conventional clotting/fibrinolytic systems in human semen with a view to stimulating further research.
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PMID:Seminal clotting and fibrinolytic balance: a possible physiological role in the male reproductive system. 1546 6

We isolated a novel protease that converts plasminogen to angiostatin-like fragments (BL-angiostatins) from a culture of Bacillus megaterium A9542 through a single-step chromatography on CM-cellulose. The protease, designated bacillolysin MA (BL-MA), belongs to a family of neutral metalloproteinases based on the nucleotide sequence of its gene. At an enzyme:substrate ratio of 1:540, BL-MA cleaved human plasminogen mainly at Ser441-Val442 to form BL-angiostatin and miniplasminogen with a K(m) of 3.0 +/- 0.8 microM and a k(cat) of 0.70 +/- 0.09 s(-1). The resulting BL-angiostatins inhibited the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells at concentrations of 1-10 microg/ml. Although BL-MA failed to activate plasminogen, it increased urokinase-catalyzed activation of plasminogen caused by production of miniplasminogen, which is highly susceptible to activation. In addition, BL-MA was active in converting prourokinase, prothrombin, coagulation factor X, and protein C to their active forms. BL-MA enhanced both the clotting of human plasma and clot dissolution in the presence of prourokinase. Thus, BL-MA affects blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems and can be used to produce angiostatin-like plasminogen fragments and active serine proteases of human plasma.
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PMID:Bacillolysin MA, a novel bacterial metalloproteinase that produces angiostatin-like fragments from plasminogen and activates protease zymogens in the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems. 1567 46

In orthopedic surgery, sterilization of bone used for reconstruction of osteoarticular defects caused by malignant tumors is carried out in various ways. At present, to devitalize tumor-bearing osteochondral segments, extracorporeal irradiation or autoclaving is mainly used, although both methods have substantial disadvantages, leading to a significant loss of biomechanical and biological integrity of the bone. As an alternative approach, a new technology to achieve bone sterilization, the high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment of bone, has been suggested, which is currently being preclinically tested. This novel technique leads to the inactivation of tumor cells without impairing biomechanical properties of the bone, cartilage, or tendons. HHP may not only exert an effect on tumor and normal cells present in the bone but also on tumor-associated proteases released by these cells, which are conductive to tumor bone turnover. In order to investigate this, proteolytic key enzymes, e.g. MMP-9, uPA, t-PA, plasmin, trypsin, and thrombin were subjected to HHP <or=600 MPa. Thereafter, compared to the non-pressurized enzymes, the proteolytic activity of the pressurized enzymes was determined. The proteases studied showed varying degrees of susceptibility to HHP, depending on the pressure level applied. The latent activity of the inactive zymogens prothrombin, plasminogen, and pro-uPA, in addition to the proteolytically active forms of plasmin, thrombin, HMW-uPA, and trypsin were minimally affected by HHP (10 min, 20 degrees C, 600 MPa) with a reduction of activity up to 13% only, whereas t-PA was significantly impaired by a reduction of activity of 30%. In contrast, for pressurized pro-MMP-9 (10 min, 5 degrees C, 400 MPa) a 3-fold increase in enzymatic activity was observed after activation compared to non-pressurized pro-MMP-9. No activation of pro-MMP-9 due to HHP was observed. These data encourage further exploration of the potential of HHP to sterilize tumor-affected bone segments prior to reimplantation. During this treatment tumor cells are irreversibly impaired, while HHP treatment of proteases may not exert any significant autolytic effect on bone tissue.
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PMID:Quantitative analysis of the impact of short-time high hydrostatic pressure on bone tumor-associated proteases. 1733 43

Fibrinolysis consists of a plasmatic part and a cellular part. A rapid global assay for plasmatic fibrinolysis is the fibrinolysis parameters assay (FIPA). Cellular fibrinolysis is measured by testing the clot lysis capacity using the microtitre plate clot lysis assay with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (CLA-PMN). Individual citrated plasma or pooled normal plasma (50 microl) of 232 patients was recalcified, incubated for 90 min at 37 degrees C, oxidized with 0 or 1.5 mmol/l (final concentration) chloramine-T, and supplemented with 50 microl respective polymorphonuclear neutrophil plasma. The turbidity of the clots was measured at 405 nm after 12 h and 60 h (37 degrees C). Plasma (50 microl) was also incubated with 5 microl of 100 IU/ml urokinase, 6 mmol/l tranexamic acid, 6% human albumin for 10 min (37 degrees C). Then 100 microl of 0.5 mmol/l Val-Leu-Lys-pNA in 2.45 mol/l arginine, pH 8.6, was added and the increase in absorbance with time was measured. The different CLA-PMN assay versions correlated with each other with r = 0.543-0.782. Cellular fibrinolysis (34 +/- 30% lysis; normal: 25 +/- 10%) did not correlate with the FIPA (72 +/- 27%; normal: 100 +/- 15%), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, or the blood counts of thrombocytes, leukocytes, or polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Chloramine (1.5 mmol/l) oxidation of the microclots favours their fibrinolytic breakdown, especially if lysis-resistant microclots are oxidized. The FIPA and CLA-PMN are new economical tests for the fibrinolytic state in patient blood.
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PMID:Determination of the global fibrinolytic state. 1758 24

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is one of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders which is characterized by megakaryocytic metaplasia. The most common complications of ET are thrombohemorrhagic events. The overall incidence of thrombosis is 70% and hemorrhagic events about 10-15%. We investigated 21 patients with ET. Median age was 51.0 (range 41-61 years). 29 healthy controls were similar in aspects of sex and age. Patients had examined whole blood count, blood smear, platelet counts, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), euglobulin lysis time (ELT), fibrin degradation products (FDP), thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (TAT), plasmin-alpha2-antiplasmin complexes (PAP), antigen of tissue and urokinase plasimogen activators (t-PA:Ag, u-PA:Ag), antigen of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor types 1 and 2 (PAI-1:Ag, PAI-2:Ag), fibrinogen, antitrombin (AT) and alpha2-antiplasmin (alpha2-AP) activity. TAT concentraction (26.83 ng/ml) was significantly higher in ET group than in controls (3.41 ng/ml). We also showed in patients with ET significantly prolonged aPTT (50.12 s) and elevated platelet count (859.5 G/l). Fibrinolytic parameters PAI-1:Ag (56.2 ng/ml) and PAP (662.5 ng/ml) were significantly higher in patients with ET. High TAT concentration means enhanced thrombinogenesis and prolonged aPTT-disturbances in coagulation activation process. A cause of increased plasminogenesis is increased concentration of PAP.
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PMID:[Haemostatic disturbances in essential thrombocythosis]. 1794 61

Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) is involved in haemostasis and inflammation. FSAP cleaves single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA). The 1601GA genotype of the 1601G/A polymorphism in the FSAP gene leads to the expression of a FSAP variant with reduced ability to activate scu-PA, without affecting the ability to activate coagulation Factor VII (FVII). Previous studies have investigated the association of the 1601GA genotype with incidence and progression of carotid stenosis and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The present study is the first to evaluate the potential association between the FSAP phenotype and DVT. We studied the association between the 1601G/A polymorphism, FSAP activity, FSAP antigen, Factor VIIa (FVIIa), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in plasmas of 170 patients suspected for DVT. FSAP genotypes were equally distributed in patients with (n=64) and without DVT (n=106), (P=0.94). The 1601GA genotype was associated with significant reduction of FSAP activity (P<0.001) and FSAP antigen levels (P=0.04). Patients with DVT showed significantly higher FSAP activity (P=0.008), FSAP antigen (P=0.003), and F1+2 levels (P<0.001) than patients without DVT. The association between the FSAP measures and DVT disappeared when adjusted for CRP levels. F1+2 correlated positively to FSAP antigen (P=0.01), while FVIIa-levels were comparable in patients with and without DVT. We conclude that even though FSAP measures are significantly increased in patients with acute DVT, alterations in the scu-PA activating properties of FSAP are presumably not markedly involved in the development of acute DVT, and that the association between FSAP and DVT disappears after adjustment for CRP.
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PMID:Factor VII-activating protease in patients with acute deep venous thrombosis. 1839 84

Chondroitin-4-sulfate was oversulfated using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine complex and was isolated as the sodium salt. A comparison of the infrared analysis of the native (N-2) and oversulfated (S-2) compounds showed that the two spectra were identical except for a new peak in S-2 at 825 cm corresponding to the equatorial C-6 position of galactosamine. There was a 2.7-fold increase of sulfate content in S-2 and a generation of a significant anticoagulant activity as measured by doubling of the prothrombin time of normal citrated human plasma using 7.5 microg, while N-2 was inactive even at 2,000 microg. The result of the in-vitro studies of the activation of glutamic plasminogen by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) or by high-molecular-weight urokinase using 0.05 mol/l Tris buffer (pH 7.35) containing a physiological concentration of NaCl (0.9%) showed that 28.6 microg/ml S-2 enhanced the activation by three-fold to four-fold by t-PA or by urokinase, while the same concentrations of N-2 or unfractionated heparin gave less than 30% enhancement of t-PA and no enhancement of urokinase. The mechanism of enhancement by S-2 was investigated by dilution studies. The results showed that S-2 interacted with both urokinase or t-PA and glutamic plasminogen favoring a template model, while N-2 or unfractionated heparin interacted only with t-PA.
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PMID:Effect of oversulfation on the chemical and biological properties of chondroitin-4-sulfate. 1868 30

Prion protein (PrP) interacts with some kringle domain-containing proteins. Kringle domains serve as binding domains in the interaction with PrP. The structural conservation among kringle domains leads to the hypothesis that any protein containing these domains can interact with PrP and be involved in prion pathogenesis. Because prion pathogenesis occurs in the brain, kringle domain-containing proteins should be available in the same tissue if they are relevant to prion pathogenesis. However, gene expression of these proteins in brains infected by prions has not been examined. Here, we showed that plasminogen (plg), urokinase type plasminogen activator (upa), tissue type plasminogen activator (tpa), prothrombin (prothr), and hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) genes were expressed in murine brains and neuroblastoma cells. The changes in upa, prothr, and hgf gene expression correlated with prion disease, but those in plg and tpa gene expression did not. Our data suggest association of gene expression of kringle domain-containing proteins in brains with prion disease.
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PMID:Changes in gene expression of kringle domain-containing proteins in murine brains and neuroblastoma cells infected by prions. 1932 40

Activated platelets contribute to the arrest of bleeding by forming aggregates at sites of vascular injury and by providing a surface for assembling enzyme complexes involved in fibrin formation (platelet procoagulant activity; PCA). Impairment in the latter property of platelets has been observed in some disorders of hemostasis. In Scott syndrome, there is a defect in membrane vesiculation and in the surface expression of phosphatidylserine (PS), the phospholipid that is necessary for assembling the factor VIIIa/IXa (tenase) and factor Va/Xa (prothrombinase) complexes involved in thrombin formation. A family with an isolated defect in vesiculation, but normal prothrombinase activity, has also been reported. In the Quebec platelet disorder, overexpression of the fibrinolytic enzyme urokinase-type plasminogen activator results in the degradation of alpha-granule proteins, including factor V, and a specific abnormality in platelet factor V is the basis for the prothrombinase defect in platelet factor V-New York. The impaired prothrombinase activity in patients with delta-storage pool deficiency may be due to a failure to provide sufficient amounts of secreted adenine nucleotides which, when bound to P2 purinergic receptors, are necessary to maintain the intracellular Ca (2+) levels that are required for the surface expression of PS. Platelet prothrombinase activity and thrombin potential in patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GPIIb-IIIa deficiency) may be decreased, normal, or increased, depending on the experimental conditions, for reasons that are not currently clear. The most consistent platelet PCA abnormality in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome (GPIb-complex deficiency) is an abnormally short serum prothrombin time, associated with a defect in the process by which an interaction between fibrin, von Willebrand factor, and GPIb promotes PCA.
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PMID:Impaired platelet procoagulant mechanisms in patients with bleeding disorders. 1940 96


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