Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.21.69 (APC)
 16,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reactional leprosy is studied according to its clinical forms A) Lepromatous a) Acute lepromatization: encroaching and invasive nature; the patient becomes more and more lepromatous ; bad prognosis. b) Erythema nodosum: "contusiform dermatitis"; variable prognosis not so bad as it is in the preceding case; allergic nature and its evolution is usually detained and therapeutics efficient. c) Erythema multiform. d) Lucio's phenomenon: vascular lesions and consequently necrosis as a complication of the "erythema necrotisans" (beautiful leprosy). B) Tuberculoid Reactional tuberculoid is the only one in this benign type, the Mitsuda's test must always be positive and prognosis consequently good. C) Dimorphous or "Borderline" whose Mitsuda's test is mostly negative, sometimes positive, but not stable. The lesions may stimulate the tuberculoid leprids but they invade mucous membranes, are impregnated by pigmentation, may present the Unna's band, and other characteristics of the Lepromatous type. Are associated (fever, asthenia and emaciation). Prognosis not very good, because of the possibility of lepromatization, according to its tendency. Evolution slower and frequent relapses. Besides there are nodular lesions. Pathogeny 1) Perifocal allergic reaction (Jadassohn). Similar to epituberculosis and Herxheimer reaction. 2) Septicemia. Sensitized tissues inside or outside the lesions, are invaded by the bacilli and so the allergic reaction takes place. Even without culture resources, Mycobacterium leprae has been found in the blood by direct examination. 3) Autoimmunization (Waldenstrom, Matthews and Trantman, 1965). Based upon the similarity between both humoral syndromes, in leprosy reactions and collagenous, diseases, as to: hypergammaglobulins, hypercryoproteins, antigammaglobulins, serological reactions (Wassermann, Kahn, Kline, VDRL) positives, Antistreptolysin O, protein C reactive, antinuclear factors, latex and Wadler-Rose test positives (rheumatoid tests) lowering of complement. If leprosy reaction is like this, it should be the less agressive of the autoimmune diseases. a) Its eruptions are cyclic not of long standing duration, as a general rule. b) Its prognosis has been recognized as good, except lately, because of the use of corticoid therapy which has been fatal, in many cases. After some years the leprosy reaction cures spontaneously. Treatment (see article)
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PMID:[Reactional status of leprosy]. 124 Oct 72

Antigen-presenting (APC), suppressor T-cell-inducing macrophages infiltrate both human and murine epidermis after ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. To determine their derivation, we prepared epidermal cell and dermal cell suspensions from human keratome biopsy specimens obtained from nonexposed skin and from UVB-irradiated sites (3 d after four times the minimal erythema dose). Simultaneous triple-marker flow cytometric analysis established the extended phenotype of macrophages infiltrating sunburned human epidermis (CD1a- CD1c- CD11b+ CD11c+ CD36+ Fc gamma RII+ DR+). This then enabled us to track dermal cells of this phenotype after UVR in relation to the heterogeneous DR+ populations in normal dermis. By both in situ immunohistology and cell suspension flow cytometry, UVR induced an expansion of bone marrow-derived DR+ cells in the perivasculature and sub-basement membrane zone of the papillary dermis. Despite an overall expansion of DR+ cells, the CD1a+ CD1c+ CD36- DR+ Langerhans-cell-like dendritic APC subset of dermal DR+ cells was depleted (p < 0.05), indicating that UVR-induced epidermal Langerhans cell loss (from 95% to 7% of DR+ epidermal cells) is not accounted for by Langerhans cell accumulation in the dermis. By contrast, UVR exposure induced a selective expansion of the dermal macrophage subset, which is phenotypically identical to the monocytic/macrophagic APCs that appear in the epidermis after UV injury (p < 0.01). Cell cycle analysis (to determine whether this expansion was accounted for entirely by infiltration) revealed no increase in the percentage of DR+ CD36+ UVR-exposed dermal cells in S/G2/M phase; however, the expanded DR+ CD36+ subset continued its already substantial level of proliferation unabated. Therefore, epidermal macrophages derive not only from transcapillary migration, but also from in situ proliferation of a dermal precursor. Taken together, these findings show that UVR creates an epidermal and dermal APC milieu which is dominated by monocytic/macrophagic cells, through depletion of cells of dentritic APC phenotype, and concomitant selective dermal expansion of a CD1a- CD1c- CD11b+ CD36+ Fc gamma RII+ DR+ (monocyte/macrophage) population.
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PMID:In human dermis, ultraviolet radiation induces expansion of a CD36+ CD11b+ CD1- macrophage subset by infiltration and proliferation; CD1+ Langerhans-like dendritic antigen-presenting cells are concomitantly depleted. 749 Apr 72

To compare the sensitivity of a new ELISA for IgM antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi that uses a recombinant outer surface protein C (rOspC) with those of a whole cell (WC) ELISA and an immunoblot assay for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease, serum specimens from 82 consecutive patients with physician-documented erythema migrans were analyzed. To compare the specificities of the three assays, serum specimens from 50 patients without a history of Lyme disease and from an area in which B. burgdorferi is not endemic were analyzed. The sensitivities of the WC ELISA, immunoblot assay, and IgM rOspC ELISA were 28%, 29%, and 46%, respectively, while the specificities were 100%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. The IgM rOspC ELISA is a convenient, readily automated, easily standardized serologic test that is significantly more sensitive for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease than either WC ELISA or immunoblot assay.
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PMID:Recombinant outer surface protein C ELISA for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease. 787 28

Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, is associated with an early and dominant humoral response to the spirochete's 23-kDa outer surface protein C (OspC). We have cloned and expressed OspC as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli and have shown that patient serum samples react with it in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (S. J. Padula, A. Sampieri, F. Dias, A. Szczepanski, and R. W. Ryan, Infect. Immun. 61:5097-5105, 1993). Now we have compared the detection of B. burgdorferi-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in 74 individuals with culture-positive erythema migrans by a whole-cell ELISA, immunoblot, and the recombinant OspC (rOspC) ELISA. Seventy-six negative controls were also studied. With all of the tests, there was a statistically significant association between the duration of disease and the frequency of a positive result. With the rOspC ELISA, the predictive value of a positive test was 100% and the predictive value of a negative test was 74%. Similar results were obtained with the whole-cell ELISA and with the immunoblot using as the source of test antigen a strain of B. burgdorferi which expresses abundant levels of OspC. We conclude that the use of rOspC in an ELISA is a convenient, readily automated, and easily standardized test for the serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease.
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PMID:Use of recombinant OspC from Borrelia burgdorferi for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease. 792 67

We determined the humoral immune response to outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with early or late manifestations of Lyme disease and investigated the use of this antigen in the serodiagnosis of early infection. The ospC gene from the low-passage human isolate 297, a North American B. burgdorferi strain, was used to make a recombinant maltose-binding protein (MBP)-OspC fusion protein for serologic tests. This gene showed 84 to 85% nucleotide sequence identity and 76 to 79% amino acid identity with ospC of B. burgdorferi B31 and 2591. The antibody responses to MBP-OspC were determined in serial sera from 15 patients with Lyme disease who were monitored for 4 to 12 years of illness, in single-serum samples from 189 patients with early or late manifestations of the disorder, and in serum samples from 106 control patients. Early in the infection, patients with erythema migrans or meningitis commonly had weak to strong immunoglobulin M (IgM) responses to OspC and sometimes weak to moderate IgG responses. Months to years later, weak to strong IgG reactivity with this protein was often apparent in patients with arthritis, but this response was weak or absent in patients with chronic neuroborreliosis. When acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples from patients with erythema migrans were tested for reactivity against MBP-OspC, the sensitivity of the IgM test was 73% and the specificity was 98%, with either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western blotting. We conclude that the majority of patients with Lyme disease have a prominent IgM response to OspC early in the illness, which is often followed by a prominent IgG response in patients with arthritis. For the serodiagnosis of early infection, the sensitivity and specificity of IgM ELISA and Western blotting were comparable or slightly improved when MBP-OspC was used as the antigen compared with tests in which spirochetal lysates were used.
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PMID:Humoral immune response to outer surface protein C of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease: role of the immunoglobulin M response in the serodiagnosis of early infection. 803 91

The aim of this study was to determine by Western blotting (WB) the prevalence of anti-outer surface protein C (OspC) IgM and IgG antibodies in patients with Lyme borreliosis according to each of the three genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Strains of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (MUL), B. garinii (DK 6), and B. afzelii (DK 26) served as antigen, all of which expressed abundant OspC. We examined sera from 117 patients with untreated early and late Lyme borreliosis, as well as from 100 blood donors and 29 patients with syphilis. WB results were compared with the B. burgdorferi flagellum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data. OspC from B. burgdorferi sensu stricto showed the lowest diagnostic sensitivity. OspC from B. garinii and B. afzelii performed almost identically in erythema migrans, with an IgM positive rate of 36% versus 34%, whereas OspC from B. garinii performed best in neuroborreliosis (60% versus 44%). The anti-OspC IgG response was less prominent than the IgM response and was infrequent in the late stages of the disease (0-20%). The benefit of combining the evaluation of anti-OspC responses with all three species was limited. The overall diagnostic sensitivity of WB anti-B. garinii OspC evaluation was, in the early stages of the disease, comparable to the results obtained using the flagellum ELISA. In erythema migrans and neuroborreliosis, the addition of anti-OspC IgM to the flagellum ELISA increased the sensitivity by 15% and 10%, respectively. It can, therefore, be concluded that OspC from B. garinii is a suitable OspC test antigen, and that supplementary use of OspC from other species adds little to the overall diagnostic sensitivity. An ELISA based on B. garinii OspC and native flagella seems currently the most promising concept for a future antibody test in early Lyme borreliosis.
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PMID:Analysis of the human antibody response to outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii. 900 16

The outer surface protein C (OspC) and the internal 14-kDa flagellin fragment of strain GeHo of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto were expressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and were purified for use in an immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (OspC-14-kDa antigen ELISA). No hint at disturbing protein-protein interferences, which might influence the availability of immunoreactive epitopes, was found when the recombinant antigens were combined in the ELISA. The recombinant OspC-14-kDa antigen ELISA was compared to a commercial IgM ELISA that used a detergent cell extract from Borrelia afzelii PKo as the antigen. According to the manufacturer's information, the cell extract contains, in addition to other antigens, the following diagnostically relevant antigens: the 100-kDa (synonyms, 93- and 83-kDa antigens), 41-kDa, OspA, OspC, and 17-kDa antigens. The specificity was adjusted to 95% on the basis of data for 154 healthy controls. On testing of 104 serum samples from patients with erythema migrans (EM), the sensitivity of the recombinant ELISA (46%) for IgM antibodies was similar to that of the commercial ELISA (45%). However, when 42 serum samples from patients with polyclonal B-cell stimulation due to an Epstein-Barr virus infection were tested, false-positive reactions were significantly less frequent in the recombinant ELISA (10%) than in the whole-cell-extract ELISA (23%). OspC displays sequence heterogeneity of up to 40% according to the genomospecies. However, when the reactions of serum specimens from controls and EM patients with OspC from representative strains of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (strain GeHo) and B. afzelii (strain PKo) were compared in an ELISA, almost no differences in specificity and sensitivity were seen. This demonstrates that the sera predominantly recognize the common epitopes of OspC tested in this study. In conclusion, we suggest that the OspC-14-kDa antigens ELISA is a suitable test for the detection of an IgM response in early Lyme disease.
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PMID:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant OspC and the internal 14-kDa flagellin fragment for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease. 954 98

Lyme disease begins at the site of a tick bite, producing a primary infection with spread of the organism to secondary sites occurring early in the course of infection. A major outer surface protein expressed by the spirochete early in infection is outer surface protein C (OspC). In Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, OspC is highly variable. Based on sequence divergence, alleles of ospC can be divided into 21 major groups. To assess whether strain differences defined by ospC group are linked to invasiveness and pathogenicity, we compared the frequency distributions of major ospC groups from ticks, from the primary erythema migrans skin lesion, and from secondary sites, principally from blood and spinal fluid. The frequency distribution of ospC groups from ticks is significantly different from that from primary sites, which in turn is significantly different from that from secondary sites. The major groups A, B, I, and K had higher frequencies in the primary sites than in ticks and were the only groups found in secondary sites. We define three categories of major ospC groups: one that is common in ticks but very rarely if ever causes human disease, a second that causes only local infection at the tick bite site, and a third that causes systemic disease. The finding that all systemic B. burgdorferi sensu stricto infections are associated with four ospC groups has importance in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease.
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PMID:Four clones of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto cause invasive infection in humans. 1037 34

Class-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with purified recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Western blot analyses with whole cells of this spirochete were used to test human sera to determine which antigens were diagnostically important. In analyses for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, 14 (82%) of 17 serum samples from persons who had erythema migrans reacted positively by an ELISA with one or more recombinant antigens. There was frequent antibody reactivity to protein 41-G (p41-G), outer surface protein C (OspC), and OspF antigens. In an ELISA for IgG antibodies, 13 (87%) of 15 serum samples had antibodies to recombinant antigens; reactivity to p22, p39, p41-G, OspC, and OspF antigens was frequent. By both ELISAs, serum specimens positive for OspB, OspE, and p37 were uncommon. Analyses of sera obtained from persons who were suspected of having human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) but who lacked antibodies to ehrlichiae revealed IgM antibodies to all recombinant antigens of B. burgdorferi except OspB and IgG antibodies to all antigens except OspE. Immunoblotting of sera from the study group of individuals suspected of having HGE reaffirmed antibody reactivity to multiple antigens of B. burgdorferi. There was minor cross-reactivity when sera from healthy subjects or persons who had syphilis, oral infections, or rheumatoid arthritis were tested by ELISAs with p37, p41-G, OspB, OspC, OspE, and OspF antigens. Although the results of class-specific ELISAs with recombinant antigens were comparable to those recorded for assays with whole-cell antigen and for individuals with confirmed clinical diagnoses of Lyme borreliosis, immunoblotting is still advised as an adjunct procedure, particularly when there are low antibody titers by an ELISA.
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PMID:Serologic diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with recombinant antigens. 1079 90

This article reviews many of the complex events that occur after cutaneous ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The inflammatory changes of acute exposure of the skin include erythema (sunburn), the production of inflammatory mediators, alteration of vascular responses and an inflammatory cell infiltrate. Damage to proteins and DNA accumulates within skin cells and characteristic morphological changes occur in keratinocytes and other skin cells. When a cell becomes damaged irreparably by UV exposure, cell death follows via apoptotic mechanisms. Alterations in cutaneous and systemic immunity occur as a result of the UV-induced inflammation and damage, including changes in the production of cytokines by keratinocytes and other skin-associated cells, alteration of adhesion molecule expression and the loss of APC function within the skin. These changes lead to the generation of suppressor T cells, the induction of antigen-specific immunosuppression and a lowering of cell-mediated immunity. These events impair the immune system's capacity to reject highly antigenic skin cancers. This review gives an overview of the acute inflammatory and immunological events associated with cutaneous UV exposure, which are important to consider before dealing with the complex interactions that occur with chronic UV exposure, leading to photocarcinogenesis.
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PMID:Ultraviolet light induced injury: immunological and inflammatory effects. 1190 14


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