Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.21.5 (thrombin)
 33,306 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A newly identified subclass of the heterotrimeric GTP binding regulatory protein family, Gq, has been found to be expressed in a diverse range of cell types. We investigated the potential role of this protein in growth factor signal transduction pathways and its potential relationship to the function of other G alpha subclasses. Recent biochemical studies have suggested that Gq regulates the beta 1 isozyme of phospholipase C (PLC beta 1), an effector for some growth factors. By microinjection of inhibitory antibodies specific to distinct G alpha subunits into living cells, we have determined that G alpha q transduces bradykinin- and thrombin-stimulated intracellular calcium transients which are likely to be mediated by PLC beta 1. Moreover, we found that G alpha q function is required for the mitogenic action of both of these growth factors. These results indicate that both thrombin and bradykinin utilize Gq to couple to increases in intracellular calcium, and that Gq is a necessary component of the mitogenic action of these factors. While microinjection of antibodies against G alpha i2 did not abolish calcium transients stimulated by either of these factors, such microinjection prevented DNA synthesis in response to thrombin but not to bradykinin. These data suggest that thrombin-induced mitogenesis requires both Gq and Gi2, whereas bradykinin needs only the former. Thus, different growth factors operating upon the same cell type use overlapping yet distinct sets of G alpha subtypes in mitogenic signal transduction pathways. The direct identification of the coupling of both a pertussis toxin sensitive and insensitive G protein subtype in the mitogenic pathways utilized by thrombin offers an in vivo biochemical clarification of previous results obtained by pharmacologic studies.
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PMID:Mediation of growth factor induced DNA synthesis and calcium mobilization by Gq and Gi2. 845 76

We have previously shown that platelet ADP receptors are coupled to G-proteins by measuring the binding of [35S]guanosine-5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate ([35S]GTP gamma S) to human platelet membranes stimulated with ADP. In order to identify the activated G-proteins, we used an approach which combines photolabelling of receptor-activated G-proteins with 4-azidoanilido-[alpha-32P]GTP and immunoprecipitation of the G-protein alpha-subunits with subtype-specific antibodies. Stimulation of human platelet membranes with ADP resulted in an increase in 4-azidoanilido-[alpha-32P]GTP incorporation into the immunoprecipitates of G alpha i but not of G alpha q proteins, whereas stimulation with the thromboxane analogue U46619 resulted in an increase in 4-azidoanilido-[alpha-32P]GTP incorporation into the immunoprecipitates of G alpha q but not of G alpha i proteins, and thrombin activated both G-proteins. This effect of ADP was concentration dependent and inhibited by the class P2 purinoceptor (P2T) antagonist ATP. Using specific antisera against subtypes of Gi proteins, we found that ADP stimulated labelling of the G alpha 12 immunoprecipitate, but not of the G alpha 13 precipitate. G alpha i1 was not detectable by immunoblotting of platelet membrane proteins. These data suggest that ADP inhibits cAMP formation by activation of G alpha 12 proteins and add evidence in support of the hypothesis that human platelet ADP receptors do not activate PLC through Gq activation.
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PMID:The human platelet ADP receptor activates Gi2 proteins. 855 19

To establish whether the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor (TP) functionally couples to the Gq family of heterotrimeric G proteins in vivo, we have coexpressed the cDNAs coding for the human platelet/placental TP alpha isoform (TP alpha) and the alpha subunits of Gq or G11 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. TP activation in response to ligand stimulation was monitored by analyzing mobilization of intracellular calcium (Ca++i) in FURA2/AM-loaded transfected HEK 293 and in platelets. Second, we wished to examine the possible interaction of the isoprostane 8-epi prostaglandin F2 alpha with the TP alpha, in transfected HEK 293 cells and with the TPs expressed in platelets. Thus both the prostaglandin endoperoxide/TXA2 analog (U46619) and the 8-epi PGF2 alpha were utilized as ligand probes of TP alpha activation. The results demonstrate that each ligand induced elevations of Ca++i levels in HEK 293 cells, cotransfected with either the TP alpha and G alpha q or the TP alpha and G alpha 11, and also in platelets. Initial stimulation of these cells with U46619 or 8-epi PGF 2 alpha desensitized a subsequent rise in [Ca++]i in response to U46619 or 8-epi PGF 2 alpha, respectively. Moreover, prestimulation with U46619 desensitized a subsequent rise in Ca++i concentration in response to 8-epi PGF 2 alpha, and vice versa. These responses were blocked by the TP antagonist SQ29,548 in both cell types. In contrast, prestimulation of the transfected HEK 293 cells or platelets with thrombin did not desensitize a subsequent rise in [Ca++]i in response to U46619 or 8-epi PGF 2 alpha. After stimulation with either U46619 or 8-epi PGF 2 alpha, no significant rise in Ca++i levels was observed in HEK 293 cells transfected with the TP alpha receptor only or in control cells transfected with the vector pCMV5. These results demonstrate that the TP alpha isoform functionally couples with either Gq or G11 in vivo, whether activated by a PG/TXA2 analog or by the F2 isoprostane 8-epi PGF2 alpha.
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PMID:The human thromboxane A2 receptor alpha isoform (TP alpha) functionally couples to the G proteins Gq and G11 in vivo and is activated by the isoprostane 8-epi prostaglandin F2 alpha. 915 6

Cell injury frequently occurs in the setting of tissue destruction and inflammation and is associated with a rise in intracellular calcium (Cai) and increased NO production. The mechanisms that trigger rises in Cai and NO during cell injury are not fully defined, but they may involve activation of G protein-coupled receptors for substances such as bradykinin, Ang II, thromboxane, and thrombin. These receptors act through G proteins from different families that have distinct functions. Receptors for bradykinin and Ang II act through members of the G alpha i and G alpha q families, whereas receptors for thrombin and thromboxane act through members of the G alpha i, G alpha q, and G alpha 12/13 families. These G proteins cooperate to regulate Cai and NO in epithelial cells through distinct mechanisms. In a number of experimental settings, activators of the adenylyl cyclase system reduce the severity of cell injury. To understand the mechanisms by which G protein-dependent signaling systems may contribute to cell injury and to define the role of adenylyl cyclase in ameliorating cell injury, the effects of adenylyl cyclase on bradykinin-stimulated Ca influx and NO in cultured renal epithelial cells that stably overexpress G alpha q and G alpha 13 were studied. This system allowed for the separation of different components of the signals initiated by receptors for thromboxane and thrombin. G alpha 13 increased bradykinin-stimulated Ca influx by a mechanism that depends on NO and cGMP. The increased Ca influx was blocked by inhibitors of NO synthase and guanylyl cyclase and by activation of adenylyl cyclase. NO production was inhibited by activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which indicated that cAMP blocks Ca influx by inhibiting NO production. Expression of G alpha q, the G protein that regulates phospholipase C, also increased bradykinin-stimulated Ca influx, but by an NO, cGMP-independent mechanism that was insensitive to inhibition by adenylyl cyclase. The authors conclude that Ca influx is modulated by NO-dependent and independent mechanisms, and that to the extent that increased NO production contributes to increased Ca influx and cell injury, cell injury may be reduced by agents that activate adenylyl cyclase.
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PMID:Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide-dependent calcium influx in renal epithelial cells by cyclic adenosine monophosphate: implications for cell injury. 1049 85