Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.5 (thrombin)
33,306 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exposure of purified Hageman factor (HF, Factor XII) to phenylglyoxal hydrate (PHG), an agent reacting with arginine residues in protein, inhibited its coagulant properties upon subsequent exposure of negatively charged agents. Once HF had been exposed to kaolin or ellagic acid, however, subsequent addition of PHG was much less inhibitory. PHG had no effect upon the ability of HF to bind to negatively charged surfaces. PGH also inhibited preparations of activated PTA (Factor XI) and thrombin, and, when incubated with plasma, reduced the titer of coagulable fibrinogen, PTA Christmas factor (Factor IX), antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII), Factor VII, Stuart factor (Factor X), proaccelerin (Factor V) and prothrombin (Factor II), and to a lesser degres, HF.
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PMID:Inhibition of Hageman factor, plasma thromboplastin antecedent, thrombin and other clotting factors by phenylglyoxal hydrate (38500). 23 67

1. Beta-Phenylpropionylthiocholine and N-(5-aminopentyl)-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulphonamide (dansylcadaverine) serve as a pair of water-soluble (pH7.5) model substrates for transamidating enzymes. Amide formation could be followed directly through fluorescence measurements by monitoring the continuous extraction of the water-soluble coupling product, N-(beta-phenylpropionyl)dansylcadaverine, into n-heptane. By this procedure, the steady-state kinetics of glutamine-lysine endo-gamma-glutamyltransferase from human plasma (fibrinoligase, thrombin- and Ca2+-activated blood coagulation Factor XII) and from guinea-pig liver (liver transglutaminase) were investigated at 25 degrees C. 2. With beta-phenylpropionylthiocholine as the varied substrate, Lineweaver-Burk plots with various concentrations of dansylcadaverine intercept on the horizontal axis, suggesting that formation of the acyl-enzyme is rate limiting. 3. On the basis of functional normality of active sites, kcat. values of 1.8 s(-1) and 0.9 s(-1) were obtained for the plasma and liver gamma-glutamyltransferase respectively. The two enzymes show identical affinities for the first substrate, beta-phenylpropionylthiocholine, with Ka 4 times 10(-4) M. 4. Utilization of the second substrate, dansylcadaverine, appears to be an order of magnitude more efficient with the liver enzyme. 5. N-(5-Amino-3-thiapentyl)-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulphonamide (dansylthiacadaverine) could be used instead of dansylcadaverine in the fluorescent kinetic system. 6. Competitive inhibition by a non-fluorescent amine substrate histamine was also evaluated.
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PMID:Transamidase kinetics. Amide formation in the enzymic reactions of thiol esters with amines. 23 98

Factor XII was purified approximately 14 000-fold from bovine plasma by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by heparin-agarose, DEAE-Sephadex, CM-cellulose, arginine-agarose, and benzamidine-agarose column chromatography. By this method, about 15 mg of protein was purified from 15 L of plasma with an overall yield of 18%. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino-terminal analysis. Bovine factor XII is a glycoprotein with a mol wt of 74 000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. It contains 13.5% carbohydrate including 3.4% hexose, 4.7% N-acetylhexosamine, and 5.4% N-acetylneuraminic acid. Factor XII is a single polypeptide chain with an NH2-terminal sequence of Thr-Pro-Pro-Trp-Lys-Gly-Pro-?-Lys-His. This sequence is homologous to the reactive-site regions of a number of protease inhibitors. The amino acid sequence of a carboxyl-terminal fragments prepared by cyanogen bromide digestion was found to be Leu-Cys-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gly-Thr-Asp-Ala-Cys-Gln-Gly-Asp-SER-Gly-Gly-Pro-Leu-Val-Cys-Glu-Asp-Glu. This sequence is homologous with the active site of a number of plasma serine proteases including thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa, and plasmin. These data indicate that bovine factor XII is a precursor to a serine enzyme with an inhibitor sequence and a catalytic site located in the same single polypeptide chain.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of bovine factor XII (Hageman factor). 86 Dec 10

Blood coagulation may be activated by the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways. The extrinsic clotting system is put into action by tissue thromboplastin, originating from injured tissue cells, but also from damaged leukocytes and erythrocytes. Tissue thromboplastin is a phospholipoprotein with an enzymatic component, capable of converting the clotting factor VII to its activated form, factor VIIa, which in turn activates factor X. The factor Xa-complex (containing also factor Va, phospholipid, and calcium) is the prothrombinconverting principle. The intrinsic clotting system is based on factors which are contained in the circulating blood. Its activation requires the availability of phospholipid and of activated factor XII (factor XIIa), or factor XIa. Factor XII is activated by collagen, i.e., whenever the vascular endothelium is injured, and to a lesser extent also by "activated" blood platelets. Platelets in turn are activated primarily by thrombin, collagen, and, in a self-perpetuating process, since all these materials are released from activated platelets, also by adenosine-5-diphosphate, adrenaline, and serotonin. The activation of platelets leads to a variety of morphological and biochemical alterations, culminating in their aggregation and in the selective release from storage organelles of different substances, among them those mentioned above. Of particular importance is the fact that in the course of platelet alterations, procoagulant phospholipid also becomes available on the platelet surface. The significance of the activation of the intrinsic system is seen in the possibility of the initiation of a self-sustained process which, after a primary event, e.g. vascular or cellular injury, will continue to convert prothrombin into thrombin. The effects of endotoxin on the blood clotting system show striking species differences. In the rabbit, endotoxin, with the involvement of factors of the complement system, will directly act upon blood platelets and thus initiate intravascular, intrinsic coagulation. In man, endotoxin remains without a direct effect on platelets and alternative possibilities of initiating thrombin formation must be considered. One possibility is extrinsic activation via tissue thromboplastin from injured leukocytes. Another pathway, which is supported by several experimental findings, starts out with endotoxin-mediated endothelial damage. Endothelial cells are in fact severely affected by endotoxin and may even be removed from the vascular wall, thus making accessible the subendothelial activator of factor XII. Thrombin in turn affects the vascular endothelium: therefore, one initiated, the process of intravascular activation of coagulation will perpetuate, this the more as platelets in turn will be stimulated into activity. The possible intervention of other vasoactive factors must also be considered...
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PMID:[Activation of the blood coagulation system during gram-negative infections and endotoxemias]. 122 91

A blood coagulation factor, Factor XIII, was highly purified from bovine fresh plasma by a method similar to those used for human plasma Factor XIII. The isolated Factor XIII consisted of two subunit polypeptides, a and b chains, with molecular weights of 79,000 +/- 2,000 and 75,000 +/- 2,000, respectively. In the conversion of Factor XIII to the active enzyme, Factor XIIIa, by bovine thrombin [EC 3.4.21.5], a peptide was liberated. This peptide, designated tentatively as "activation peptide," was isolated by gel-filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column. It contained a total of 37 amino acid residues with a masked N-terminal residue and C-terminal arginine. The whole amino acid sequence of "Activation peptide" was established by the dansyl-Edman method and standard enzymatic techniques, and the masked N-terminal residue was identified as N-acetylserine by using a rat liver acylamino acid-releasing enzyme. This enzyme specifically cleaved the N-acetylserylglutamyl peptide bond serine and the remaining peptide, which was now reactive to 1-dimethylamino-naphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride. A comparison of the sequences of human and bovine "Activation peptide" revealed five amino acids replacements, Ser-3 to Thr; Gly-5 to Arg; Ile-14 to Val; Thr-18 to Asn, and Pro-26 to Leu. Another difference was the deletion of Leu-34 in the human peptide. Adsorption chromatography on a hydroxylapatite column in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate was developed as a preparative procedure for the resolution of the two subunit polypeptides, a or a' chain and b chain, constituting the protein molecule of Factor XIII or Factor XIIIa. End group analyses on the isolated pure chains revealed that the structural change of Factor XIII during activation with thrombin occurs only in the N-terminal portion of the a chain, not in the N-terminal end of the b chain or in the C-terminal ends of the a and b chains. From these results, it was concluded that the activation of bovine plasma Factor XIII by thrombin must be accompanied by a limited proteolysis of the arginyl-glycyl bond located in the N-terminal region of the a chain, liberating the "Activation peptide." The possibility of activating Factor XII with other porteinases was examined using Factor Xa [EC 3.4.21.6], Factor XIIa, kallikreins [EC 3.4.21.8], urokinase [EC 3.4.99.26], trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4], ficin [EC 3.4.22.3], papain [EC 3.4.22.2], and bromelain [EC 3.4.22.4]. Among these enzymes, only bromelain and trypsin showed clear activating effects.
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PMID:On the activation of bovine plasma factor XIII. Amino acid sequence of the peptide released by thrombin and the terminal residues of the subunit polypeptides. 122 22

A possible role of bovine platelets in the surface-mediated activation of Factor XII and prekallikrein was studied, using the contact system reconstituted with the purified proteins from bovine plasma. The washed platelets before and after aggregation by ADP, thrombin or collagen did not show any ability to trigger or accelerate the activation of Factor XII and prekallikrein. On the contrary, these aggregates showed a potent inhibitory activity on the activation of those zymogens triggered by kaolin, amylose sulfate and sulfatide. The inhibitory substances from the supernatant of the thrombin-induced aggregates were separated into two major fractions, a low affinity fraction and a high affinity fraction, on a heparin-Sepharose column. The high affinity protein was identified as platelet factor 4, based on the amino acid composition. From the low affinity fraction, a beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG)-like substance and three kinds of unknown proteins, named LA1, LA2, and LA3, were isolated by gel-filtration on a column of Sephadex G-100 or Sephadex G-75 followed by chromatography on a column of Mono S. The molecular weights of LA1, LA2, and LA3 were estimated to be 35,000, 26,000, and 11,000, respectively, on SDS-PAGE. LA2 was identified as a carbohydrate-less LA1, as judged from the amino acid composition and carbohydrate content. The inhibitory activities of these five cationic proteins on the activation of Factor XII and prekallikrein mediated with amylose sulfate, sulfatide and kaolin were different from each other. In the case of kaolin-mediated activation, LA3 was the most potent inhibitor, while platelet factor 4 and beta-TG-like substance did not show any significant inhibitory activity. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of all the cationic proteins were not correlated with their anti-heparin activities. Since these proteins were rapidly liberated from platelets by the action of the stimulants, the present results demonstrate a negative role of platelets in the surface-mediated activation of Factor XII and prekallikrein.
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PMID:Isolation of bovine platelet cationic proteins which inhibit the surface-mediated activation of factor XII and prekallikrein. 315 44

In normal plasma, the serine protease inhibitor alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) plays little or no role in the control of plasma kallikrein or activated Factor XII fragment (Factor XIIf), this function being performed by Cl-inhibitor. Recently, an alpha 1-AT variant was described with a Met----Arg mutation at the reactive center P1 residue (position 358) which altered the specificity of inhibition from the Met- or Val-specific protease neutrophil elastase to thrombin, an Arg-specific protease. We have now examined the inhibition of plasma kallikrein and Factor XIIf, both Arg-specific enzymes, with recombinant alpha 1-AT(Met358----Arg) produced by an Escherichia coli strain carrying a mutated human alpha 1-AT gene. The engineered protein was a very efficient inhibitor of both enzymes. It was more effective than Cl-inhibitor by a factor of 4.1 for kallikrein and 11.5 for Factor XIIf. These results suggest that recombinant alpha 1-AT(Met358----Arg) has therapeutic potential for disease states where activation of the plasma kinin-forming system is observed, for example in hereditary angioedema or septic shock.
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PMID:Recombinant alpha 1-antitrypsin Pittsburgh (Met 358----Arg) is a potent inhibitor of plasma kallikrein and activated factor XII fragment. 348 56

Suspensions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), monocytes, T or B lymphocytes, platelets or granulocytes, and cell-depleted supernatant fluids of these suspensions inhibited activation of Hageman factor (HF, Factor XII) by ellagic acid, a property not shared by erythrocytes. PBMC also inhibited HF activation by glass or sulfatides. Contaminating platelets may have contributed to inhibition by PBMC. Elaboration of agents inhibiting HF activation required metabolically active cells. The inhibitor(s) in PBMC supernates were not identified with known agents, but had properties of a nonenzymatic protein. PBMC supernates did not contain fibrinogen, nor alter the thrombin, prothrombin, or partial thromboplastin times of normal plasma, amidolysis by activated plasma thromboplastin antecedent (Factor XIa) or activated Stuart factor (Factor Xa) or esterolysis by C1 (C1 esterase); they inhibited plasmin minimally. These experiments suggest that peripheral blood cells may impede intravascular coagulation. Whether this property helps maintain the fluidity of blood is unclear.
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PMID:Inhibition of the activation of Hageman factor (factor XII) by peripheral blood cells. 349 41

A sensitive assay for quantitating bovine activated Factor XI (Factor XIa) in vitro was developed by measuring the amidolytic activity of thrombin generated in a mixture of Factors XIa, IX and X and prothrombin prepared from bovine source and washed bovine platelets. In this system, the rate of thrombin generation increased linearly with increasing amounts (fmoles) of Factor XIa. The assay system for Factor XIa was not significantly affected by the presence of plasma kallikrein, Factor XIIa, high-molecular-weight kininogen, amylose sulfate or sulfatide within the range of the amounts used for surface-mediated activation of Factor XII, prekallikrein and Factor XI. Following surface-mediated activation of Factor XI, further generation of Factor XIa was blocked by adding freeze-thawed platelets that contain cationic proteins which bind to negatively-charged surfaces (J. Biochem. 97, 139-151, 1985). The method is useful to the kinetic analysis of the surface-mediated activation of Factors XII and XI, although it is not applicable to the activation in plasma.
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PMID:A new sensitive assay for bovine activated factor XI (factor XIa) using a reconstituted coagulation cascade system. 350 1

Exposure of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to purified active plasma kallikrein resulted in PMN aggregation when kallikrein was present at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 U/ml (0.18-0.27 microM). Kallikrein-induced PMN aggregation was not mediated through C5-derived peptides, because identical responses were observed whether or not kallikrein had been preincubated with an antibody to C5. Moreover, kallikrein was specific for aggregating PMN, because no aggregation was observed with Factor XII active fragments (23 nM), Factor XIa (0.6 U/ml or 15nM), thrombin (1.6 microM), plasmin (2 microM), porcine pancreatic elastase (2 microM), bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin (2 microM), or bradykinin (1 microM). Bovine pancreatic trypsin (2 microM) aggregated PMN, but to a lesser extent than kallikrein (0.18 microM). Kallikrein was a potent aggregant agent for PMN because similar responses were observed with kallikrein (0.5 U/ml or 0.23 microM) and an optimal dose (0.2 microM) of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. In addition, PMN incubation with kallikrein resulted in stimulation of their oxidative metabolism as assessed by an increased oxygen uptake. Neutropenia and leukostasis observed in diseases associated with activation of the contact phase system may be the result of PMN aggregation by plasma kallikrein.
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PMID:Purified human plasma kallikrein aggregates human blood neutrophils. 691 55


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