Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum immunoreactive pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) was measured by RIA. Serum PSTI levels were elevated in case of acute pancreatitis (15 of 15 cases: 317.7 +/- 155.6 ng/ml: Mean +/- SE) or pancreatic carcinoma (16 of 25 cases; 71.8 +/- 17.1 ng/ml), and in those with chronic renal failure (6 of 6 cases: 412.8 +/- 98.2 ng/ml). The molecular heterogeneity of elevated serum PSTI n such diseases was studied using chromatofocusing column chromatography. The results showed that serum PSTI was free from trypsin(-ogen) and was composed of at least three molecular forms of different isoelectric points. Two major forms were eluted around pH 8.2 (peak I) and 7.5 (peak II), with one minor form around pH 6.9 (peak III) from the column. The relative ratio of three forms differed with the disease state. Peak I was high in patients with pancreatic carcinoma, and peak II was high in patients with acute pancreatitis.
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PMID:Appearance mechanism and molecular heterogeneity of serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI). 405 12

Fasting serum concentrations of trypsin and amylase activity have been compared in 107 subjects, including 18 controls and patients with mumps, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, cancer of the pancreas, and chronic renal failure. There was no significant correlation between amylase activity and trypsin concentrations in any of these groups. In all 12 patients with acute pancreatitis and all 16 with chronic renal failure the serum immuno-reactive trypsin concentrations were elevated. Amylase activity was increased in 87% (20 out of 23) of patients with mumps, but only 13% (3 out of 23) had hypertrypsinaemia suggesting subclinical pancreatitis. In 18 patients with chronic pancreatitis low levels of serum trypsin were measured in 11 (61%), reflecting a decrease in pancreatic acinar mass. In contrast, serum amylase was normal or raised in all 18. Subnormal values of the trypsin to amylase ratio was obtained in 15 (83%). Trypsin levels in 20 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas were abnormal in 11 (55%). Six (30%) had abnormal amylase levels. It is concluded that it is more useful to measure the serum trypsin concentration than the amylase activity in the diagnosis of both mumps-pancreatitis and chronic pancreatic disease and that the trypsin to amylase ratio is more sensitive than either enzyme alone in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.
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PMID:The relative values of serum immuno-reactive trypsin concentration and total amylase activity in the diagnosis of mumps, chronic renal failure, and pancreatic disease. 615 6

Elevated serum and urine amylase and serum lipase values are not always diagnostic of an acute pancreatitis, on the account of the extrapancreatic production of these enzymes. A diagnostic improvement can be made by using the CAm/CCr ratio, but this index too is abnormal in some non pancreatic diseases. Since trypsin measurement seems to be more specific in the evaluation of pancreatic condition, serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity has been measured in 28 patients with acute pancreatitis, 95 patients with a wide spectrum of gastroenterological diseases and in 30 patients with severe chronic renal failure. 85 normal subjects were used as controls. Abnormally high serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) values were detected in 100% of patients with acute pancreatitis, without any overlap with normal controls. TLI values above the upper normal limit were also found in 70% of patients with severe renal damage, while none of the patients with liver disease, biliary disease, peptic ulcer an inflammatory bowel disease had elevated TLI levels. In 29 patients with hyperamylasemia due to extra-pancreatic diseases serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity was always within the normal range. It is concluded that the determination of serum TLI is a sensitive and reliable tool in the diagnosis of an acute pancreatic inflammation, providing that a severe renal failure is excluded.
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PMID:Trypsin-like immunoreactivity in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. 616 10

Whilst chronic renal failure (CRF) patients are known to have an impaired immune response the explanation is unclear. We investigated the immunosuppressive effect of plasma from CRF patients on an in vitro assay of normal lymphocyte function. One hundred and sixty regular dialysis patients had significantly greater plasma suppressive activity (PSA) than that of normal healthy subjects. PSA decreased after haemodialysis but increased after blood transfusion. Renal allograft recipients with low PSA were more likely to have accelerated rejection. Assay of the functional capacity of plasma for inhibiting protease (e.g. plasmin, thrombin, trypsin) suggest that high PSA is associated with the excess formation of protease-inhibitor complexes and liberation of immunoregulatory peptide (less than 10,000 daltons).
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PMID:A new mechanism of humoral immunodepression in chronic renal failure and its importance to dialysis and transplantation. 636 42

Twenty-two cases of feline glomerulonephritis were investigated for the presence of immune complexes within the glomerulus using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. This method was used with formalin-fixed paraffin-wax embedded tissues which were pretreated with trypsin and with frozen sections of kidney tissue. Of a total of 25 kidney specimens examined (two cats had repeated biopsies) the composition of the deposits was 23/25 IgG, 17/25 C3, 11/25 IgM and 2/25 IgA. Serial studies of two cats showed a progression of the disease from initial nephrotic syndrome to chronic renal failure. With the more severe form of the disease there was a tendency for the deposition of complement and more than one class of immunoglobulin within the glomeruli.
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PMID:An immunohistological study of feline glomerulonephritis using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. 638 92

Patients with chronic renal failure received the diet in which plant protein accounted for 80% of protein component. There was a definite decline in the serum of amylase and lipase activity. The activity of trypsin and its inhibitor remained the same whereas the control group manifested its elevation. In administering the diet for a long time one should consider the possibilities of the occurrence of the action of plant proteinase inhibitors.
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PMID:[Effect of plant protein on pancreatic exocrine function in chronic kidney failure patients]. 662

Gel filtration of plasma from normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) yielded four immunoreactive human pancreatic polypeptide (IRhPP) peaks of approximately greater than 20,000, 10,000, 4200, and 2000 daltons. In normal subjects, the basal plasma distribution was 36 +/- 2%, 16 +/- 3%, 25 +/- 1% and 23 +/- 2%, respectively. In the CRF patients, the total plasma IRhPP was close to ten times higher than in the normal group. This difference was due to an increase in IRhPP10000 and IRhPP4200 plasma levels. After a standard breakfast, plasma IRhPP10000 and IRhPP4200 levels increased in the normal subjects and in the CRF patients, while the levels of the other two plasma components were not affected by the meal. In a patient with multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 1, the basal plasma levels of IRhPP10000 and IRhPP4200 were, respectively, 41 and 44 times higher than the mean value in the normal subjects; these fractions appeared to be further increased after breakfast. In trying to characterize the IRhPP10000, it was found that treatment with urea, guanadium hydrochloride, and acetic acid (pH 2.2) did not alter its molecular size, whereas limited trypsin treatment was able to destroy part of the immunoreactivity and to produce greater than 20,000-dalton and 4200-dalton immunoreactive materials. Plasma IRhPP10000 seems to be a co-secretory product of the PP cell, and the kidney plays a role in its catabolism as well as in that of the IRhPP4200 component. The IRhPP10000 component may correspond to a PP precursor.
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PMID:Immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide components in plasma from normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure in basal and postprandial conditions. 669 64

Patients with chronic renal failure have an abnormal immunoreactive gastrointestinal hormone profile, which is characterised by raised fasting serum concentrations of hormones that have antagonistic effects on exocrine pancreatic function. In addition, in this present study we have found that in renal insufficiency cholecystokinin disappears slowly from the plasma after a constant intravenous infusion of the hormone (p = 0.05 compared with healthy subjects). To evaluate whether the stimulatory or inhibitory hormones have a predominant effect, pancreatic exocrine function under conditions of mannitol perfusion of the duodenum and continuous intravenous cholecystokinin stimulation was studied in eight patients who had severe chronic renal failure and eight age-matched and sex-matched control subjects. Compared with healthy subjects, patients with renal insufficiency had hypersecretion of trypsin in response both to mannitol perfusion of the duodenum and to cholecystokinin stimulation (p less than 0.05). No significant differences in lipase secretion were noted between the patients with renal insufficiency and control subjects. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, of the abnormally raised fasting serum concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones found in renal insufficiency, hormones that stimulate rather than inhibit pancreatic exocrine function predominate. Secondly, the dissociation between trypsin and lipase outputs in chronic renal failure may suggest a differential trophic influence of stimulatory hormones -- that is, hypercholecystokininaemia -- on pancreatic exocrine enzyme secretion.
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PMID:Pancreatic exocrine function in severe human chronic renal failure. 680 12

In 121 patients with either liver cirrhosis or chronic renal failure, abnormal values for the concentrations of two pancreatic enzymes in serum were a frequent finding. In renal insufficiency a decreased rate of enzyme elimination is the most likely cause of the above-normal values we observed for serum immunoreactive trypsin and pancreatic isoamylase activity. As for patients with liver cirrhosis, we believe that changes in entrance rates into the blood--i.e., an affected pancreas--is a likely explanation of the abnormally high values we often found for these serum enzymes.
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PMID:Immunoreactive trypsin and pancreatic isoamylase activity in serum of patients with chronic renal failure or hepatic cirrhosis. 697 16

Measurement of serum concentration of trypsin by RIA-Gnost Trypsin kit (Hoechst-Japan) was evaluated. The clinical usefulness of measuring serum trypsin level in diabetic patients was assessed. The measurement of trypsin using the radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit revealed good precision and reproducibility with intraassay error ranging from 3.6 to 5.5% in C.V. corresponding to mean trypsin concentration of 236.5-838.7 ng/ml and interassay error ranging from 8.1 to 11.1%. Tests for recovery and dilution were satisfactory for clinical use. Clinical materials included 35 normal subjects, 88 diabetics, 22 patients with liver diseases, 3 with acute pancreatitis, 7 with chronic pancreatitis and 3 with chronic renal failure. Serum trypsin concentration in normal controls was 157.6 +/- 59.9 ng/ml (m + 1 S.D.). Diabetic patients treated with diet therapy alone revealed serum trypsin level of 203.6 +/- 74.8 ng/ml (n = 50). In diabetics treated with sulfonil urea serum trypsin was 171.3 +/- 83.0 ng/ml (n = 25). In patients receiving insulin serum trypsin level was 90.5 +/- 49.0 ng/ml (n = 13). In patients with liver diseases, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and chronic renal failure serum trypsin concentration were 236.9 +/- 88.0, 520.1 +/- 80.0, 113.0 +/- 75.6, and 2557 +/- 2771 respectively. Our results may indicate impaired pancreatic exocrine function in patients with severe diabetes mellitus. Increased serum trypsin level in diabetics treated with diet therapy may be due to stimulated excretion of trypsin resulted from restricted food intake. However, further study in larger number of patients is needed.
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PMID:[Evaluation of measuring serum trypsin by radioimmunoassay and clinical application for the study on the exocrine function in diabetics (author's transl)]. 708 13


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