Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We present a case of mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma arising in the periampullary region of the duodenum. The patient was a 78-year-old male with a periampullary mass diagnosed during upper endoscopy. On gross dissection, the mass was 2.3 cm in diameter, noncystic, and confined to the duodenal submucosa. Microscopically, the tumor formed nests that were positive for amylase, trypsin (weakly), and synaptophysin (diffusely). Ultrastructurally, the tumor had 2 populations of granules with mean diameters of 175 nm and 540 nm, consistent with endocrine and zymogen granules, respectively. These studies were consistent with a mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma that arose in the duodenum. A review of the literature revealed 1 report of an acinar cell carcinoma arising in jejunal pancreatic heterotopia. The present article is the first reported case of an acinar cell carcinoma arising in the periampullary region of the duodenum, possibly in a focus of pancreatic heterotopia.
...
PMID:Mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma arising in the ampulla of Vater. 1205 83

We have noted that many histologically and immunohistochemically confirmed pancreatic endocrine tumors show immunophenotypic evidence of acinar cell differentiation, but the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown. We performed this study to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic significance of exocrine differentiation by immunohistochemistry in pancreatic endocrine tumors that do not show morphologic features of acinar cell differentiation. Routinely processed tissue sections from 87 pancreatic endocrine tumors were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies against acinar (lipase, chymotrypsin, trypsin) and endocrine cell markers (chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, Leu-7) and for the proliferation-associated peptide Ki67. The degree of staining with each marker was graded on a three-tier scale for acinar markers (grade 0, <5%; grade 1, 5-10%; grade 2, 11-25%; and grade 3, >25%) and on a four-tier scale for endocrine markers (grade 0, <5%; grade 1, 5-25%; grade 2, 26-50%; grade 3, 51-75%; and grade 4, >75%), and the results were correlated with clinical outcome (mean follow-up 53 months). Greater than 75% of the tumor cells stained for chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, and Leu-7 in 100%, 96%, 93%, and 27% of cases, respectively. Overall, 66% of tumors stained positively for at least one acinar cell marker, 31% stained for at least two acinar cell markers, and 13% stained for all three acinar cell markers. Forty-seven percent stained for lipase (23 grade 1, 11 grade 2, seven grade 3), 37% for trypsin (22 grade 1, three grade 2, seven grade 3), and 25% stained for chymotrypsin (13 grade 1, five grade 2, four grade 3). No correlation was noted between the presence or extent of expression of any single or combination of acinar cell markers and clinical outcome. However, higher tumor stage correlated with a poor clinical outcome (p = 0.002), and location in the tail of the pancreas was associated with a longer interval to tumor recurrence (p = 0.03). The presence of synaptophysin (p = 0.03) and Leu-7 expression (p = 0.03) correlated significantly with less aggressive clinical behavior. An association was observed between increased Ki67 labeling and poorer clinical outcome, but this was not statistically significant (p >0.05). In conclusion, immunophenotypic evidence of acinar cell differentiation is common in pancreatic endocrine tumors, but this feature does not have any relevance to clinical prognosis. However, in addition to tumor stage, location in the pancreatic tail and the immunohistochemical expression of synaptophysin and/or Leu-7 may be useful prognostic indicators in patients with these lesions.
...
PMID:Prevalence and prognostic significance of acinar cell differentiation in pancreatic endocrine tumors. 1213 Nov 56

We report a unique, previously unreported pancreatic tumor with hepatoid differentiation associated with serous microcystic adenoma in a 70-year-old man. These two lesions localized, respectively, at the body and the tail of the pancreas, were found incidentally on abdominal ultrasonography. Serum alpha-fetoprotein was not increased and no hepatic lesion was displayed on computed tomography. A subtotal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed. The patient is alive and well 12 months after resection. Pathological examination showed a very unusual encapsulated solid tumor with hepatocytic differentiation, bile production and immunoreactivity for hepatocyte paraffin-1 antibody. The tumor cells were negative for endocrine (neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, synaptophysin) and acinar (amylase, trypsin) markers. Ultrastructurally, zymogen and neurosecretory granules were absent. The features of the tumor were almost indistinguishable from those of hepatocellular adenoma; therefore, we believe that this solid hepatoid tumor may represent a variant of pancreatic adenoma. Recognition of this entity is important because the only reported pancreatic hepatoid tumors to date have been malignant. The main differential diagnoses include hepatoid ductal adenocarcinoma, hepatoid acinar cell carcinoma, primitive hepatoid endocrine tumor, and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma.
...
PMID:Solid adenoma with exclusive hepatocellular differentiation: a new variant among pancreatic benign neoplasms? 1244 84

We report the morphological characteristics of 30 cases of sclerosing hemangioma (SH) of the lung and explore the histological origin of the major cells in these tumors. In addition to routine light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry was performed by using 12 monoclonal primary and 5 polyclonal primary antibodies. These included surfactant protein B (SP-B), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), mast cell trypsin, CD68, epithelial antigen markers (high molecular weight cytokeratin, low molecular weight cytokeratin [CK-L], epithelial membrane antigen [EMA], cancer embryonic antigen), mesothelial antigen, neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase [NSE], chromogranin A, synaptophysin, calcitonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, human growth hormone [hHG]), vimentin, and CD34. Surface cuboidal cells have short microvilli and have lamellar bodies in their cytoplasm. They can sometimes merge into multinuclear giant cells. Immunohistochemical results showed that these cells are strongly positive for SP-B, TTF-1, CK-L, EMA, and cancer embryonic antigen, whereas polygonal cells, previously also described as round or pale cells, were strongly positive for vimentin and TTF-1, and positive or weakly positive for 2 to 3 kinds of neuroendocrine markers. Sparse neuroendocrine granules and abundant microfilaments were observed in their cytoplasm. Some cell clusters in the solid regions were positive for SP-B and EMA. Mast cells existed sparsely in almost every field. Both cuboidal and polygonal cells were negative to CD34 and mesothelial antigen staining. We conclude that cuboidal cells of SH originate from reactive proliferating type II pneumocytes, which can fuse into multinuclear giant cells. Polygonal cells, as true tumor cells, likely originate from multipotential primitive respiratory epithelium and possess the capability for multipotential differentiation. The antibodies of SP-B, TTF-1, vimentin, and CK-L are very helpful to diagnosis and differential diagnosis of SH.
...
PMID:Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural markers suggest different origins for cuboidal and polygonal cells in pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma. 1511 33

We compared the clinicopathological features of acinar-cell carcinomas (ACCs) with those of mixed acinar-endocrine carcinomas (MAECs). Specimens from 37 patients with ACC and 6 patients with MAEC were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. The mean age of ACC and MAEC patients was similar (61.3 years versus 58.4 years), but the sex ratio differed (ACC, 29 males and 8 females; MAEC, 2 males and 4 females). The size of the tumor was large in both cases (ACC, 13.8 cm in diameter; MAEC, 8.2 cm). Immunohistochemically, more than half of the tumor cells in all tumors, whether ACC or MAEC, stained for trypsin. In 20 of the 37 ACCs (54%), scattered endocrine cells (SECs) were found, which stained positively for synaptophysin (SYN) and/or chromogranin A (CGA). Interestingly, there was also a difference in the sex ratio between ACC patients without SECs (16 males and 1 female) and ACC patients with SECs (13 males and 7 females). In MAECs, the cells staining for SYN were more common than those staining for CGA and made up more than one-third of the neoplastic-cell population. In all but one case (in which the endocrine component was arranged in islet-like cell clusters), the endocrine cells were intimately mixed with trypsin-positive tumor cells. The endocrine cells only rarely expressed one of the known pancreatic or gastrointestinal hormones. Both ACCs and MAECs had a high proliferation rate and lacked p53 overexpression or progesterone and estrogen receptors. This study revealed that ACCS and MAECs share most clinicopathological features and, therefore, may form a single tumor entity, though they differ in the number of endocrine cells. The frequent identification of endocrine cells in these tumors suggests the existence of a pluripotent cell of origin that is capable of differentiating into acinar and endocrine cells.
...
PMID:Mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma of the pancreas. A clinicopathological study and comparison with acinar-cell carcinoma. 1551 67

Organelle proteomics is the method of choice for global analysis of cellular proteins. However, it is difficult to isolate organelles to homogeneity. Recently, correlation-profiling has been used to filter off the contaminants ad hoc and to disclose the genuine organelle-specific proteins. In the present study, we further extend the method to include subcellular compartments that contain proteins shared by multiple distinct subcellular domains. We performed correlation profiling of proteins contained in synaptic membrane and postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions isolated from rat brain. Proteins were labeled with isotope-coded affinity-tag reagents, digested with trypsin, and resulting peptides were resolved by cation exchange chromatography followed by reversed phase chromatography. Peptides were then subjected to mass spectrometry for quantification and identification. We confirm that the core PSD proteins were enriched in the PSD preparation. Other functional protein groups such as cytoskeleton-associated proteins, protein kinases and phosphatases, signaling components and regulators, as well as proteins involved in energy production partitioned to multiple organelles. When analyzed as groups, they were shown to accumulate to a lesser extent. Mitochondrial proteins and transporters were generally strongly depleted from the PSD fraction confirming that they were contaminants of the PSD preparation. Finally, immunoelectron microscopy was performed on selected proteins to validate the proteomics results, and confirm that synaptophysin that was highly depleted in the PSD preparation is localized in the presynaptic compartment, whereas LASP-1 that was slightly enriched in the PSD preparation is present in the PSD as well as other subdomains within the synapse.
...
PMID:Organelle proteomics of rat synaptic proteins: correlation-profiling by isotope-coded affinity tagging in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to reveal post-synaptic density specific proteins. 1595 19

Composite tumors of the stomach consisting of mixed glandular and endocrine components are rare. We report 3 cases of composite glandular and endocrine tumors with pancreatic acinar differentiation in the stomach with their clinicopathologic findings. The patients' presenting symptoms were variable and included abdominal pain, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and weight loss. One patient with abdominal pain also had an elevated serum lipase level, clinically mimicking acute pancreatitis. The histology of these tumors was similar. They showed admixture of well-differentiated endocrine components with acinar and glandular components. The glandular component consisted of columnar epithelial cells resembling gastric foveolar or intestinal goblet cells, consistent with a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. A panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains was performed, which included PAS, Alcian blue, Mib1, CEA, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, Muc2, Muc5AC, chromogranin, synaptophysin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, insulin, gastrin, serotonin, and pancreatic polypeptide. While the immunoreactivity for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, Muc2, Muc5AC, and CEA was largely restricted to the glandular component, the endocrine and pancreatic acinar markers showed marked variability and overlap. All cases showed immunoreactivity for at least one of the exocrine pancreatic enzymes, and all expressed endocrine differentiation. Some degree of amphicrine differentiation was suggested in all cases. Two cases showed metastases in perigastric lymph nodes, which histologically resembled the primary tumor. In summary, these tumors represent another distinct type of composite glandular and endocrine gastric neoplasm with pancreatic acinar differentiation.
...
PMID:Composite glandular and endocrine tumors of the stomach with pancreatic acinar differentiation. 1622 21

Herein is presented the case of a malignant non-functioning endocrine tumor of the pancreas with oncocytic features, and a discussion on the high incidence of malignancy in oncocytic endocrine pancreatic tumors. The patient was a 65-year-old woman who showed no paraneoplastic symptoms produced by functioning pancreatic endocrine tumors. The primary tumor was located in the body and tail of the pancreas, and had metastasized to the liver. Tumor cells were arranged in a ribbon-like or trabecular pattern and had an abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm containing numerous mitochondria and neurosecretory granules. The cytoplasm of the tumor cells was intensely stained with an antimitochondrial antigen antibody. Most tumor cells stained positively with Grimelius stain and for chromogranin A. Some tumor cells also stained for synaptophysin. However, the tumor cells negatively stained for hormones such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and pancreatic polypeptide, for serotonin, and for pancreatic enzymes such as amylase and trypsin. Analysis of 18 oncocytic pancreatic endocrine tumors, consisting of those reported previously and that in the present case, suggests that the high incidence of malignancy in oncocytic endocrine tumors is associated with the high incidence of non-functioning endocrine tumors among them, most of which are malignant.
...
PMID:Oncocytic non-functioning endocrine tumor of the pancreas. 1709 34

We report a case of acinar cell carcinoma primary to the liver. The tumor was diagnosed in a 35-year-old woman complaining of abdominal pain and asthenia; serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were increased at 6,000 IU/mL; imaging studies showed a hypervascular mass located in the left lobe of the liver. A left lobectomy was performed. The tumor had a heterogeneous appearance. In well-differentiated areas, tumor cells formed acinar structures, had a pyramidal shape and a highly eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm, PAS diastase resistant. In less-differentiated areas, tumor cells were endocrinelike. The immunohistochemical study showed that tumor cells expressed trypsin. Alpha-fetoprotein and alphal-antritrypsin were detected in about 30% of cells; HepPar1 was present in 15% of cells. Chromogranin A and synaptophysin were detected in rare cells. After surgery, serum AFP levels quickly returned to normal; no evidence of recurrence or metastasis was observed during follow-up. The final diagnosis, based on histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural arguments, was extra-pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma, primary to the liver. This unusual lesion is likely to be the result of an abnormal differentiation pathway involving a transformed multipotential progenitor cell.
...
PMID:Primary acinar cell carcinoma of the liver. 1819 78

We report 4 cases of acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, 3 presenting as metastases in the ovary, the first report of this circumstance, which may pose a broad differential diagnosis and caused significant diagnostic difficulty in all the cases. The average patient age was 57 (range: 28 to 81) years. In 3 cases, the ovarian tumors were detected before the pancreatic tumor; in 1 case, a large abdominal mass and ovarian tumors were discovered synchronously. The ovarian tumors were large, solid, white-tan on gross examination, and bilateral in 3 cases; the single case involving only 1 ovary had 2 discrete masses of tumor. Microscopic examination showed highly cellular neoplasms with a small amount of fibrous stroma. Two cases had a predominant acinar growth pattern of cells with brightly eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm. In 2 cases, the pattern was predominantly solid-cribriform with areas of comedolike necrosis, and the cells had pale eosinophilic, finely granular cytoplasm. Nuclei in all cases were uniform with prominent nucleoli. The main differential diagnostic consideration was well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm (carcinoid tumor); positive immunostaining with antibodies against chymotrypsin and trypsin and negative immunostaining with antibodies against synaptophysin and chromogranin helped exclude this diagnosis. We observed focal alpha-inhibin immunostaining in 2 cases, which may represent a potential diagnostic pitfall, as a Sertoli cell tumor or unusual granulosa cell tumor may also enter the differential diagnosis. Inclusion of antibodies against the pancreatic enzymes chymotrypsin and trypsin in the immunohistochemical panel is critical in establishing the correct diagnosis and should be considered when evaluating ovarian tumors with architectural (mainly acinar) and cytologic (granular eosinophilic cytoplasm) characteristics that should bring a metastatic acinar cell carcinoma into consideration.
...
PMID:Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas metastatic to the ovary: a report of 4 cases. 1872 47


<< Previous 1 2 3 Next >>

---