Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy hairy cells were demonstrated in the peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen of a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Immunofluorescent tests revealed IgD on the surface of 92 per cent, IgG, on 76 per cent, IgM on 12 per cent and albumin on 95 per cent of the cells from the spleen. After overnight culture, IgG and albumin were detected on 4 and 6 per cent of the cells respectively, while the number of IgD and IgM positive cells persisted. Fifty-two per cent of the hairy cells formed rosettes with erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies (EA), whereas 70 per cent formed rosettes after trypsin and protease treatment. The hairy cells did not form rosettes with erythrocytes sensitized with IgM antibodies and complement (EAC), or with sheep and mouse erythrocytes. Cryostat sections of spleen strongly adsorbed EA, whereas no adsorption occurred with EAC or sheep erythrocytes. The hairy cells did not phagocytize latex particles or ingest a strain on yellow staphylococci. The results suggest that hairy cells from this patient probably were of B-lymphocyte origin.
...
PMID:Surface markers in non-phagocytic hairy cell leukemia. 60 7

The inhibitory effect by hairy cell conditioned medium (HCCM) on the growth of granulocyte and erythrocyte colony forming cells was studied in vitro. The percent inhibition of CFU-C formation by HCCM from four hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients ranged from 36% to 76%, while no inhibition was observed with conditioned medium (CM) obtained from three B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients nor from two normal controls. HCCM inhibited specially the growth of rG-CSF responding stem cells. The hairy cell-derived colony inhibitory factor from HCCM was nondialyzable, fairly stable to heat treatment, and trypsin sensitive. Its maximal inhibitory activity against granulopoiesis was observed in the fractions of 5,000 to 6,000 daltons. Moreover HCCM inhibited CFU-E colony formation but not BFU-E. These results indicate that hairy cells produce a factor that inhibits granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis in vitro. This factor may play a role in neutropenia and anemia observed in HCL.
...
PMID:Inhibition against CFU-C and CFU-E colony formation by soluble factor(s) derived from hairy cells. 292 Feb 12

The Hairy Cells (HC) from four patients with Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) were studied. These cells exhibited membrane properties of B-lymphocytes; quantitation of surface membrane immunoglobulins by the peroxidase labeled antibody technique showed an average number of 20,000 to 40,000 immunoglobulin molecules per marked cell. Observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that HC have a great capacity to adhere quickly to glass coverslips, to phagocytose latex particles, and to resist trypsin treatment. These cells possess numerous inter cellular connections forming a network on the glass-coverslip, and thin cytoplasmic projections enabling them to adhere. When cells adhering to a support are stimulated by latex particles, they are able to phagocytose these particles and this results in the swelling of the cell due to the unpleating of numerous folds of the membrane. After this stimulation, HC appeared smooth. Our SEM analysis provides an explanation of the disappearance of the hairy appearance classically described. After trypsin treatment, the adhering HC remain on the glass even if they have suffered membrane damage. In conclusion, SEM examination of adhering cells and phagocytosis demonstrate the variability of the membrane aspect of the HCL cells under various culture conditions.
...
PMID:Adherence properties of hairy cells. 686 58

Immunohistochemical studies were done on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues to evaluate the specificity of a newly developed monoclonal antibody (9C5) against tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Sections from 195 specimens were examined, which included 33 types of tissues/organs. These tissues included normal, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes. Neoplastic tissues from 14 patients with hairy cell leukemia served as positive controls. Epitope enhancement was accomplished either by microwave irradiation in citrate buffer or by boiling in water followed by trypsin digestion. Tissues were reacted with monoclonal antibody 9C5 and stained with either the avidin-biotin peroxidase method or the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase method. The hairy cells of all cases of hairy cell leukemia reacted positively with 9C5. Other positively stained cells included osteoclasts, activated macrophages and giant cells. Immunohistochemical studies with 9C5, when interpreted within the context of the specificity of this antibody, are useful for the diagnosis and assessment of treatment results for hairy cell leukemia. Monoclonal antibody 9C5 also may be useful as a marker for osteoclasts and the activated macrophages and for the diagnosis of disorders involved by these cells.
...
PMID:Immunohistochemical detection of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in non-hematopoietic human tissues. 757 88

To date, the diagnosis of mast cell disease (MCD) relied on routine plus histochemical stains. Its differential diagnosis, however, includes a variety of other hematopoietic and particularly B-cell lymphoid neoplasms that are best identified in paraffin sections using immunostains. To determine the paraffin-section immunoreactivity of MCD, 20 specimens from 14 patients with MCD and 1 bone marrow sample (from a patient with probable MCD) that showed equivocal metachromasia, were stained with antitryptase, CD68 (KP-1), CD20 (L26), antilysozyme, and antimyeloperoxidase antibodies. Ten hairy cell leukemias (HCLs), six lymphomas of parafollicular and/or monocytoid B-cell (MBCLs) and low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) types, six granulocytic sarcomas, and five acute myeloid leukemias with monocytic differentiation (M4 and M5 types) were also stained. Tryptase positivity was identified in all of the MCD cases. The staining was moderate to strong in 20 of the 21 specimens, including the probable MCD case. No other neoplasms tested were tryptase positive. CD68 showed similar to even stronger staining in all of the specimens of MCD, HCL, granulocytic sarcoma, and acute myeloid leukemia (M4 and M5 types) tested and in five of the six MBCL and/or MALT-type lymphomas. Weak-to-moderate lysozyme staining seemed to be present in at least 7 of the MCD specimens, whereas there was a lack of staining for myeloperoxidase in 12 specimens, and 7 specimens were nonevaluable (1 case was not tested). Myeloperoxidase was identified in all of the granulocytic sarcomas and acute myeloid leukemias (M4 and M5 types) but not in any HCLs, MBCLs, or low-grade lymphomas of MALT type. CD20 was negative in all of the MCD and myelomonocytic neoplasms but positive in all of the HCLs, MBCLs, and low-grade B-cell lymphomas of MALT type. MCD, therefore, has a characteristic tryptase-positive, CD68-positive, and CD20-negative phenotype in paraffin sections. This distinguishes MCD from the hematopoietic and/or lymphoid disorders that it most closely resembles.
...
PMID:Immunohistochemical characterization of mast cell disease in paraffin sections using tryptase, CD68, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and CD20 antibodies. 890 35

Thermosensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide-co-allylamine) (PNIPAM-AAm-AA)-conjugated albumin nanospheres (PAN) was developed as a new thermal targeting anti-cancer drug carrier by conjugating PNIPAM-AAm-AA on the surface of albumin nanospheres (AN). AN with diameter below 200nm and narrow size distribution was successfully prepared in the first step with desolvation technique. PNIPAM-AAm-AA with different molecular weight (M(w)) was synthesized in the second step by radical polymerization and conjugated onto the surface of AN. Anti-cancer drug adriamycin (ADR) was then entrapped into the AN and PAN during the particle preparation. Compared with AN, the release rate of ADR from PAN in trypsin solution was slower, and decreased with increasing the conjugation amounts (hairy density) or M(w) of PNIPAM-AAm-AA (hairy length). Moreover, the release of ADR from PAN above the cloud-point temperature (T(cp)) of PNIPAM-AAm-AA became faster due to shrinkage of hairy thermosensitive polymer. To testify the thermal targetability in vivo, PAN was incubated with HepG2 cells. As expected, PAN can target cancer cells above the T(cp) of PNIPAM-AAm-AA, whereas it cannot below the T(cp). These results might reflect that PAN may selectively accumulate onto solid tumors that are maintained above physiological temperature due to local hyperthermia.
...
PMID:Thermosensitive polymer-conjugated albumin nanospheres as thermal targeting anti-cancer drug carrier. 1872 74

Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes that inactivate ribosomes by eliminating one or more adenosine residues from rRNA, a 9,567-Da RIP with a novel N-terminal sequence was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus. The protein was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose, adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel, and appeared as a single peak upon gel filtration on Superdex 75. The protein, designated as marmorin, inhibited proliferation of hepatoma Hep G2 cells and breast cancer MCF-7 cells, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity, and translation in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC50 of 0.15 microM, 5 microM, 30 microM, and 0.7 nM, respectively. Compared to RIPs from hairy gourd, bitter gourd, ridge gourd, garden pea, and the mushroom Flammulina velutipes, marmorin was more potent in its antiproliferative activity toward hepatoma (HepG2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, similar in inhibitory potency toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (with the exception that it was more potent than ridge gourd RIP and bitter gourd RIP), and less potent in translation-inhibitory potency. Marmorin was devoid of antifungal, protease, RNase, mitogenic, anti-mitogenic, nitric oxide-inducing, hemagglutinating, and trypsin inhibitory activities.
...
PMID:Marmorin, a new ribosome inactivating protein with antiproliferative and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from the mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus. 1875 97

The treatment of severely burned patients has benefited from the grafting of skin substitutes obtained by expansion of epithelial cells in culture. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the anatomic site chosen for harvesting skin had an impact on the quality of the derived cell cultures. Considering that hair follicles contain epithelial stem cells, we compared hairy skin sites featuring different densities and sizes of hair follicles for their capacity to generate high quality keratinocyte cultures. Three anatomic sites from adult subjects were compared: scalp, chest skin and p-auricular (comprising pre-auricular and post-auricular) skin. Keratin (K) 19 was used as a marker to evaluate the proportion of stem cells. Keratinocytes were isolated using the two-step thermolysin and trypsin cell extraction method, and cultured in vitro. The proportion of K19-positive cells harvested from p-auricular skin was about twice that of the scalp. This K19-positive cell content also remained higher during the first subcultures. In contrast to these in vitro results, the number of K19-positive cells estimated in situ on skin sections was about double in scalp as in p-auricular skin. Chest skin had the lowest number of K19-positive cells. These results indicate that in addition to the choice of an adult anatomic site featuring a high number of stem cells in situ, the quality of the cultures greatly depends on the ability to extract stem cells from the skin biopsy.
...
PMID:Considerations in the choice of a skin donor site for harvesting keratinocytes containing a high proportion of stem cells for culture in vitro. 2112 25

In recent years, quantitative proteomic research attracts great attention because of the urgent needs in biological and clinical research, such as biomarker discovery and verification. Currently, mass spectrometry (MS) based bottom up strategy has become the method of choice for proteomic quantification. In this strategy, the amount of proteins is determined by quantifying the corresponding proteolytic peptides of the proteins, therefore highly efficient and complete protein digestion is crucial for achieving accurate quantification results. However, the digestion efficiency and completeness obtained using conventional free protease digestion is not satisfactory for highly complex proteomic samples. In this work, we developed a new type of immobilized trypsin using hairy noncross-linked polymer chains hybrid magnetic nanoparticle as the matrix aiming at ultra fast, highly efficient proteomic digestion and facile (18)O labeling for absolution protein quantification. The hybrid nanoparticle is synthesized by in situ growth of hairy polymer chains from the magnetic nanoparticle surface using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization technique. The flexible noncross-linked polymer chains not only provide large amount of binding sites but also work as scaffolds to support three-dimensional trypsin immobilization which leads to increased loading amount and improved accessibility of the immobilized trypsin. For complex proteomic samples, obviously increased digestion efficiency and completeness was demonstrated by 27.2% and 40.8% increase in the number of identified proteins and peptides as well as remarkably reduced undigested proteins residues compared with that obtained using conventional free trypsin digestion. The successful application in absolute protein quantification of enolase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis protein extracts using (18)O labeling and MRM strategy further demonstrated the potential of this hybrid nanoparticle immobilized trypsin for high throughput proteome quantification.
...
PMID:Trypsin immobilization on hairy polymer chains hybrid magnetic nanoparticles for ultra fast, highly efficient proteome digestion, facile 18O labeling and absolute protein quantification. 2241 71

Mastocytosis is a mast cell disease caused by functionally defective infiltrating mast cells and CD34+ mast cell precursors. The heterogeneous group of mast cell disorders is categorized into five variants in the updated 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification among those systemic mastocytosis with an associated neoplasm (SM-AHN). Except for myeloid neoplasia, lymphoproliferative disorders associated to SM-AHN are more scarce. Here, we report the second case ever described of associated mastocytosis and hairy-cell disease. A 38-year-old female patient without any specific medical history was diagnosed a hairy cell leukemia and BRAF^V600E mutation was found in hairy cells. Since purine-analogs were avoided to prevent prolonged myelosuppression, she was treated with vemurafenib and rituximab. Despite early discontinuation due to vemurafenib-induced agranulocytosis, a partial response was observed. Strikingly, bone marrow biopsy performed one month after vemurafenib discontinuation revealed a nodular infiltration by 30% tumoral mastocytes. Along with elevated tryptase level, KIT^D816V mutation on mastocytes and clinical exam, the patient was diagnosed with systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematological neoplasm (SM-AHN). No BRAF^V600E mutation was found on mastocytes. The physiopathology of this association is not known and might be only a coincidence or a common genetic driver mutation enhancing mast and hairy cells.
...
PMID:Mastocytosis onset in a patient with treated hairy cell leukemia: Just a coincidence? 3179 34


1

---