Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of mast cells (MC) in tubulointerstitial damage in glomerulonephritis (GN) is not fully understood. The distribution of MC was compared in renal biopsies from 50 patients with different stages of rapidly progressive GN (RPGN) and in 20 control samples. The immunoreactivity of renal MC with anti-tryptase and anti-chymase antibodies was studied. Interstitial myofibroblasts were stained with anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) antibody, and inflammatory cells were identified by anti-CD3, -CD20, and -CD68 monoclonal antibodies. Positively stained cells were counted, and the relative interstitial and fractional areas of anti-alpha-SMA-stained cells were measured. MC were rarely found in control samples. In contrast, samples showing crescentic GN contained numerous tryptase-positive MC (MC(T)) (43.7+/-4.65 versus 7.14+/-1.3/mm2) and fewer tryptase- and chymase-positive MC (MC(TC)) (13.8+/-1.86 versus 1.89+/-0.86/mm2) in the renal interstitium but never in the glomerulus. Double immunostaining demonstrated the presence of both phenotypes of MC. Accumulation of MC was significantly correlated with the numbers of T lymphocytes (MC(T), r = 0.67) and interstitial macrophages (MC(T), r = 0.455). There was also a significant correlation between the number of MC(T) and the relative interstitial area. The number of MC(TC) was well correlated with the fractional area of alpha-SMA-positive interstitium (r = 0.749) and the percentage of the interstitial fibrotic area (r = 0.598). There was also a significant negative correlation between interstitial MC(TC) accumulation and creatinine clearance (r = 0.661). The density of MC(TC) was higher (1.4-fold) in advanced forms of GN associated with fibrocellular crescents and interstitial fibrosis. These results show the potential involvement of MC in the fibroproliferative process in the renal interstitium of patients with RPGN. The results indicate that these cells constitute part of the overall inflammatory cell accumulation in RPGN.
...
PMID:Mast cells in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. 1040 5

After severe injury to the periodontal ligament (PL), the phenotypes of cells recolonizing root surfaces influence the extent and type of repair processes. In teeth that are replanted following avulsion injury, recolonization of the PL space by osteogenic cells instead of by PL fibroblasts may favor bone formation (i.e. ankylosis) instead of PL regeneration. We consider here that recolonization processes depend in part on the storage conditions of the teeth following avulsion. We used an in vitro cell culture model to assess the effect of storage conditions on immunohistochemical staining of several marker proteins that are expressed by osteogenic cells (osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase) and fibroblasts (alpha-smooth muscle actin, type III and XII collagens). Prior to cell culture, extracted human premolar teeth were stored in air ("dry") or in alpha-MEM ("wet") for either 30 or 120 min as surrogate conditions for the variations of extra-alveolar tooth storage that may occur following avulsion. Collagenase/trypsin-digested suspensions of PL cells were prepared from the tissue adherent to the extracted root surface. Passage #2 or #3 cultures were immunostained and examined by fluorescence microscopy. For type XII collagen, cells from wet samples displayed perinuclear staining while cells from 30-min dry samples showed only isolated foci. The staining for 120-min dry samples was weak and non-specific. alpha-Smooth muscle actin was not incorporated into stress fibers in wet samples, whereas dry samples demonstrated prominent stress fibers stained for alpha-smooth muscle actin. Detached cytoplasmic fragments resembling cell processes that stained for alpha-smooth muscle actin were abundant in dry samples, indicating the presence of highly contractile cells. The staining for osteopontin was mainly perinuclear but was more intense in dry samples. The focal adhesion pattern of osteopontin staining in 120-min dry samples resembled that of migrating osteogenic cells. The pattern of staining did not vary for type III collagen or alkaline phosphatase, although staining for alkaline phosphatase was more intense in samples stored under dry conditions. We conclude that prolonged extra-alveolar dry storage favors increased in vitro growth of contractile cells expressing osteogenic cell markers while storage in cell culture medium favors growth of cells with the classical phenotype of PL fibroblasts.
...
PMID:Storage conditions of avulsed teeth affect the phenotype of cultured human periodontal ligament cells. 1079 8

Giant cell fibroma (GCF) is a non-neoplastic lesion of the oral mucosa. The origin of stellate and multinucleate cells of GCF is not well known. The purpose of the present article was to investigate the immunoreactivity of these cells for leukocyte common antigen, vimentin, tryptase, HLA-DR, alpha-smooth muscle actin, CD68, and S-100. The results showed positive staining only for vimentin. This suggests that the stellate and multinucleate cells of GCF have a fibroblast phenotype.
...
PMID:Immunocytochemical study of giant cell fibroma. 1086 94

Renal interstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway leading to end-stage renal disease in various nephropathies including renal amyloidosis. However, the role of mast cells (MCs) in the fibrotic process of renal amyloidosis is not fully understood. We compared the distribution of MCs in renal biopsies from 30 patients with AA type renal amyloidosis and 20 control cases. Immunoreactivity of renal MCs to anti-tryptase and anti-chymase was studied. Interstitial myofibroblasts were stained with anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) antibody, and inflammatory cells were identified by anti-CD45, -CD20, and -CD68 mAbs. Positively stained cells were counted, and the relative interstitial and fractional areas of anti-alpha-SMA stained cells were measured. Anti-CD29 mAb was used to detect beta1 integrin and anti-basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mAb for the growth factor on MCs. MCs were rarely found in control samples. In contrast, samples showing amyloid deposition contained numerous tryptase-positive (MCT) (940.17 +/- 5.4 versus 6.74 +/- 1.1/mm2) but fewer chymase-positive (MCTC) cells (20.7 +/- 2.86 versus 1.7 +/- 0.76/mm2) in the renal interstitium. There was a significant relationship between interstitial MCT and creatinine clearance (r = -0.72), and between interstitial MCT and glomerular amyloid-index (GAI) (r = 0.723) and interstitial amyloid area (r = 0.824). Accumulation of MCs correlated significantly with the number of T lymphocytes (MCT: r = 0.694). There was also a significant relationship between mast cell (MC) number and the fractional area of alpha-SMA positive interstitium (r = 0.733) and interstitial fibrotic area (r = 0.6). Double immunostaining demonstrated intracytoplasmic presence of beta1 integrin on 87% of MCT and correlated significantly with the interstitial amyloid area (r = 0.818, P = .001) and T-cell number (r = 0.639, P = .002). bFGF was also detected on 85.5% of MCTC correlating well with the interstitial alpha-SMA-area (r = 0.789). Our results indicate that MCs constitute an integral part of the overall inflammatory process and play a crucial role in interstitial fibrosis in renal amyloidosis.
...
PMID:Increased density of interstitial mast cells in amyloid A renal amyloidosis. 1100 43

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of various enzymatic treatments on the outgrowth of chondrocytes from explants of adult human articular cartilage and the expression of a specific contractile protein isoform, alpha-smooth muscle actin, known to facilitate wound closure in other connective tissues. Explants of articular cartilage were prepared from specimens obtained from patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. The time to cell outgrowth in vitro was determined and the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin shown by immunohistochemistry. Treatment of the explants with collagenase for 15 minutes reduced the time to outgrowth from more than 30 days to 3 days. Hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, and trypsin applied for the 15-minute period had no effect on the time to cell outgrowth when compared with untreated controls. Pretreatment with hyaluronidase prior to collagenase reduced the time to outgrowth. A notable finding of this study was that the majority of chondrocytes in the adult human articular cartilage specimens and virtually all of the outgrowing cells contained alpha-smooth muscle actin. We conclude that human articular chondrocytes have the capability to migrate through enzymatically degraded matrix and express a contractile actin isoform. Collagenase treatment reduces the time required for cell outgrowth.
...
PMID:Outgrowth of chondrocytes from human articular cartilage explants and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. 1111 50

Pericytes cover the abluminal surface of capillaries and venules and are thought to play an important role in microvascular regulation and pathology. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize human dermal microvascular pericytes (HDMPC), a minor cell type in the skin but a relatively easily obtainable human source of tissue. We developed and compared two procedures that differed in the preselection method. Isolation of dermal microvessel fragments from neonatal foreskins by trypsin digestion was followed by mechanical release of subepidermal tissue, collagenase treatment, and sieving through 100- and 30-microm meshes. After subcultivation, pericytes were preselected either by isolation of outgrowing capillary fragments or by 3G5-coupled magnetic beads. Pericytes were selected finally by cultivation of single cells in endothelial cell-conditioned media. Cultured HDMPC were seen to be large and well spread with irregular edges and prominent stress fibers. They lack contact inhibition, are positive for 3G5 antigen, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and vimentin, and are negative for the endothelial cell marker CD31, diI-acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake, cytokeratin 5, 6, and 18, and S100 protein. Using both preselection methods, we could establish purified cell cultures of HDMPC. The results of these studies represent the first report of HDMPC isolation.
...
PMID:Isolation and in vitro characterization of human dermal microvascular pericytes. 1125 95

Fourteen renal biopsy specimens from patients with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type I (MCGN-I) for whom both light and electron microscopy as well as immunofluorescence microscopy and full clinical data were available were examined quantitatively. As a control 10 biopsy specimens of kidneys removed because of trauma were used. Morphometric investigations were performed by means of a computer image analysis system to evaluate whether mast cells have a role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis in MCGN-I and to examine the relationship between mast cells and interstitial alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression as well as interstitial infiltrates. The morphometric study revealed that the mean values of the interstitial tryptase positive cells, expression of alpha-SMA, interstitial volume, CD 68+, CD 45RB+, CD 43+ and CD 20+ cells were significantly increased in MCGN-I patients in comparison with control group. In MCGN-I group there were significant positive correlations between interstitial tryptase positive cells and interstitial expression of alpha-SMA, interstitial volume, serum creatinine as well as CD 43+ and CD 68+ cells. The correlations between interstitial tryptase positive cells and CD 45+, as well as CD 20+ cells did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that mast cells are one of the constitutive cell types in the interstitium in MCGN-I. Additionally, significant positive correlations between interstitial mast cell count and relative interstitial volume as well as serum creatinine concentration suggest the role of these cells in the development of interstitial fibrosis which may contribute to the renal deterioration in patients with MCGN-I.
...
PMID:Quantitative analysis of the interstitial mast cells in idiopathic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type I. 1147 6

Myofibroblasts are fibroblasts that express certain features of smooth muscle differentiation. Increased numbers of myofibroblasts and mast cells are frequently found together in a wide variety of settings, such as normal wound repair and scleroderma skin, which suggests that mediators produced by the mast cells could play a role in the regulation of myofibroblast differentiation and function. We used a human mast cell line, HMC-1, to determine if mast cells can induce normal human dermal fibroblasts to differentiate into functional myofibroblasts in vitro. We monitored the differentiation process by assaying two properties of the myofibroblast phenotype: expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and functional capacity to contract a collagen matrix. In both a simple coculture system and in a skin-equivalent culture system, HMC-1 cells induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression by fibroblasts. HMC-1 cells also stimulated fibroblast contraction of collagen gels, and the relative amount of contraction was dependent upon the number of HMC-1 cells present. To characterize the individual contributions made by specific mast cell products, we examined the effects of histamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and tryptase. Histamine induced a clear increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, but it did not appear to stimulate fibroblast contraction. Tumor necrosis factor alpha had no effect in either assay. Purified human tryptase induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, and blocking the proteolytic activity of tryptase with specific inhibitors reduced that response. Tryptase inhibitors also eliminated the ability of HMC-1 cells to stimulate fibroblast contraction, suggesting that tryptase secreted by the HMC-1 cells may be one of the active mast cell mediators.
...
PMID:The differentiation and function of myofibroblasts is regulated by mast cell mediators. 1171 Sep 21

Eleven renal biopsy specimens from patients with lupus membranous glomerulopathy (LMGN) and 16 from patients with primary (nonlupus) membranous glomerulopathy (NLMGN) for whom light, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy, and full clinical data were available were examined quantitatively. As a control 10 biopsy specimens of the kidneys removed because of trauma were used. Morphometric investigations were performed by means of a computer image analysis system to evaluate whether mast cells have a role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis in lupus and nonlupus membranous glomerulopathy and to examine the relationship between mast cells and interstitial alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression as well as interstitial infiltrates. The morphometric study revealed that the mean values of interstitial tryptase positive cells, expression of alpha-SMA, interstitial volume, CD68+, CD45RB+, CD43+ and CD20+ cells were significantly increased in LMGN as compared with NLMGN. In both LMGN and NLMGN groups there were significant positive correlations between interstitial tryptase positive cells and interstitial expression of alpha-SMA, interstitial volume, serum creatinine as well as CD68+ cells. The present data suggest that in cases of membranous glomerulopathy with a large number of interstitial mast cells systemic lupus erythematosus should be taken into consideration, even if this aetiology was not clinically suggested at the time of biopsy. Additionally, in both LMGN and NLMGN significant positive correlations between interstitial mast cell count and relative interstitial volume support the role of these cells in the development of interstitial fibrosis, however this relationship needs further investigations.
...
PMID:Quantitative analysis of interstitial mast cells in lupus and non-lupus membranous glomerulopathy. 1191 83

Eighteen renal biopsy specimens obtained from patients with AA-type renal amyloidosis (AA) and 11 from patients with AL-type renal amyloidosis (AL), for whom both light and electron microscopy as well as immunofluorescence microscopy and full clinical data were available, were examined quantitatively. The cases were selected on the basis of immunohistochemical studies. As a control, we used 10 biopsy specimens from the kidneys removed because of trauma. Morphometric investigations were carried out by a computer image analysis system to find an answer to the question of whether mast cells can correlate with tubulointerstitial fibrosis in AA and AL renal amyloidosis, and to examine the relationship between mast cells and interstitial alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression and interstitial infiltrates. The morphometric study revealed that the mean values of the interstitial tryptase-positive cells, expression of alpha-SMA, interstitial volume, CD68+, CD45RB+, CD43+ and CD20+ cells were increased in AA as compared with the AL group, most of them significantly. Most of these parameters were also significantly increased in both AA and AL patients as compared with the control group. In both the AA group and the AL group, there existed some significant positive correlations between interstitial tryptase-positive cells and interstitial expression of alpha-SMA, interstitial volume and CD68+ cells. Interestingly, in AA cases, but not in AL cases, we noted a significant relationship between interstitial tryptase-positive cells and CD43+ cells. Our findings demonstrate that mast cells belong to the constitutive cell types in the interstitium in renal amyloidosis, in particular in amyloid type A. In addition, in both the AA group and the AL group, the significant positive correlations between interstitial mast cell count and relative interstitial volume and interstitial expression of alpha-SMA suggest that these cells play a role in the development of interstitial fibrosis.
...
PMID:Quantitative analysis of interstitial mast cells in AA and AL renal amyloidosis. 1216 98


1 2 Next >>

---