Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to the mucosa of the distal portion of the respiratory tract of swine is an important initial event in development of mycoplasmal pneumonia. A suitable in vitro model of adherence would be useful for investigation of mycoplasmal and host cell factors involved in this process. We have developed an adherence assay, using suspensions of porcine respiratory tract ciliated epithelial cells and M hyopneumoniae. Tracheal epithelial cells, collected by use of cytologic brushes, were mixed with broth cultures of M hyopneumoniae and the mixtures were incubated, diluted, vortexed, and sedimented. Pellets were spread on glass slides, stained with a fluorescent antibody against M hyopneumoniae, and evaluated by fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescence was observed principally among cilia on the ciliated tufts of epithelial cells. Only a few organisms were observed adhering on the nonciliated parts of ciliated cells or on other cell types. When mycoplasmas were preincubated with low dilutions of serum from swine convalescing from M hyopneumoniae disease, attachment was partially inhibited (P < 0.05). Significant inhibition of attachment was not observed when organisms were preincubated with higher dilutions of convalescent serum, with purified IgG from hyperimmune serum against M hyopneumoniae, or with low dilutions of lung lavage fluids (from convalescent swine) that contained specific IgA antibodies against M hyopneumoniae. Preincubation of the organisms with periodate and trypsin abolished attachment and formaldehyde decreased it (P < 0.05), whereas a variety of carbohydrates had no effect on attachment. Preincubation with dextran sulfate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and methionine reduced attachment (P < 0.05). Treatment of cell-Mycoplasma mixtures with the hydrophobic bond-breaking agent tetramethylurea, or incubation in absence of salt, or at low temperature also reduced attachment (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to porcine ciliated respiratory tract cells. 821 93

Glandular mucosal tissues contain lymphocyte populations that contribute to expression of IgA antibodies in external secretions. Interaction of circulating lymphocytes with glandular structures may regulate lymphocyte accumulation. An in vitro assay was used to investigate adhesive interactions between lymphocytes and salivary gland tissues. Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) bound to the serous acinar epithelia of parotid salivary glands and to the mucous tubulo-acinar epithelium of submandibular salivary glands. Lymph node cells and splenocytes adhered to these tissues in lesser numbers and thymocytes bound in negligible numbers. TDL adherence was an active process, being time- and cell dose-dependent and requiring intact membrane as well as cytoskeletal and metabolic function. Calcium was required in each case and binding was mediated by a trypsin-sensitive lymphocyte surface determinant. These findings suggest that the lymphocyte composition of salivary gland tissues is regulated by active lymphocyte interaction with the glandular epithelium.
...
PMID:In vitro adherence of rat lymphocytes to salivary gland epithelia. 823 74

In the jejunal mucosae of 45 children with coeliac sprue (24 cases in the florid stage and 21 cases in remission) and 19 children without signs of affection of the small intestine a quantitative investigation was made of cells in the lamina propria which were visualized selectively by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods-plasmocytes with IgA, plasmocytes with IgM, plasmocytes with IgG, cells containing IgE, mast cells, eosinophil and neutrophil leucocytes. The objective was to find which of the above cells will best reveal by a change of their number the pathological process in the lamina propria of children with coeliac sprue and which has the greatest informative value on the present state of the lamina propria. It was found that plasmocytes with IgG and cells containing IgE are good markers of the activity of coeliac sprue in the lamina propria. The best marker of the activity of coeliac sprue in the lamina propria are mast cells detected by the histochemical reaction for tryptase using Z-Ala-Ala-Lys-MNA. This reaction detects mast cells also in non-fixed bioptic material.
...
PMID:[Histochemical and immunohistochemical study of jejunal mucosa cells in children with celiac sprue]. 837 76

An autoradiographic technique was developed to assess in the nephritic glomerulus the relative amount of C3 which is in the activated form, C3b, compared with the inactivated form, iC3b. Frozen renal biopsy sections from children and young adults with glomerulonephritis were assessed for the C3b fraction of total C3, using a radiolabeled monoclonal anti-C3c. Grain counts with this antibody, before and after reacting the section with 0.0002% trypsin, gave the relative amounts of total C3 and C3b, respectively. C3b was found in all diseases studied. To explain its presence, glomerular C3b acceptors which would restrict C3b inactivation were sought by immunofluorescence studies. C3b acceptor candidates were: IgG in aggregated form, IgA as found in the IgA nephropathies and the C3/C5 convertase, C4b,2a,3b. In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type III, diseases in which these acceptors were lacking, it is postulated that the nephritis strain-associated protein and absence of membrane cofactor protein, respectively, may be responsible for C3b deposition. The phlogistic effect of C3b is mediated largely by one of its products, C5b-9. However, the C3b: total C3 ratio failed to correlate with indices of glomerular inflammation, probably in part because the ratio is not a measure of total glomerular C3b.
...
PMID:Activated C3 (C3b) in the nephritic glomerulus. 839 46

The Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is a potent mucosal immunogen, inducing high secretory as well as systemic antibody responses upon oral or intranasal (i.n.) administration. In addition, LT has the capacity to act as an adjuvant in antibody responses against coadministered other antigens. To investigate the role of the individual subunits of LT in the mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of LT, the LT holotoxin and the non-toxic B subunit (LTB) were cloned separately and purified from overproducing E. coli cultures. Mice were immunized i.n. with the recombinant LT, LTB and combinations of the two and the induction of LTB-specific serum IgG and IgA as well as mucosal S-IgA was monitored. Intranasal administration of 2 micrograms LTB by itself induced a moderate systemic and a low mucosal antibody response, the latter being restricted to the site of immunization. However, addition of a trace amount (50 ng) of LT holotoxin to LTB strongly stimulated both serum antibody and mucosal S-IgA responses to LTB: the antibody levels induced by 2 micrograms LTB supplemented with 50 ng LT were similar to those seen after immunization with 2.9 micrograms of the LT holotoxin alone (representing an amount of 2 micrograms LTB). Furthermore, immunization with LT-supplemented LTB or with LT holotoxin alone, but not immunization with LTB alone, induced an S-IgA response in distant mucosal tissues including the lung, intestine and the urogenital system. Nicking of the LTA chain with trypsin did not enhance the immunogenicity of LT. These results indicate that, although the LTA chain plays an important role in the mucosal immunogenicity of LT including priming of the common mucosal immune system, extremely low amounts of the LT holotoxin suffice for the induction of high antibody responses to LTB, the trace LT and LTB acting in a synergistic fashion.
...
PMID:Mucosal immunogenicity of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: role of the A subunit. 874 49

In our previous study, we reported that only 13 of 46 adult patients with advanced periodontitis responded well to initial non-surgical periodontal therapy. In the present follow-up study, the remaining 33 patients were randomly treated further using either modified Widman flap surgery or systemic metronidazole. The patients responding unsatisfactorily to this 2nd treatment phase, received supplementary systemic chemotherapy or surgery, respectively. By using this study design, we determined which baseline clinical variables and/or laboratory findings predicted the treatment outcome in these study patients. Clinical variables included the assessment of bleeding, suppuration, probing pocket depth, furcation lesions, relative attachment level and radiographic infrabony defects. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured from subgingival plaque samples. The specific IgG and IgA antibody levels against 5 serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans were determined in serum and saliva. Elastase-like, trypsin-like and general protease activities were assessed from saliva. The bivariate statistical analyses showed that the most pronounced difference between the patients responding well to initial non-surgical therapy (group MC, n = 13), to either supplementary surgery or chemotherapy (group FT1, n = 11), or those responding to the complex therapy (group FT2, n = 17), was the prior extent of periodontal destruction expressed as the proportion of > or = 6 mm deep periodontal pockets. When multiple linear regression was used to investigate the influence of clinical and laboratory findings on the variation of treatment response between the 3 groups, the most significant explanatory factor was the simultaneous presence of subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans and multiple deep periodontal pockets. None of the immunological or biochemical variables used had any further influence in the model. Pretreatment microbiological examination, especially for the detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans, seems to be a valuable laboratory screening method for identifying complex treatment need in adult patients with advanced periodontitis. However, the evaluation of the extent and pattern of periodontal breakdown remains crucial for choosing the treatment strategy including surgery and/or chemotherapy in A. actinomycetemcomitans-infected adult periodontitis patients.
...
PMID:Value of some laboratory and clinical measurements in the treatment plan for advanced periodontitis. 881 78

Rotavirus is the single most important cause of severe diarrhea in humans and is diffuse in most animal species worldwide, and an understanding of the antigenic properties of the virus is essential to the design of rational vaccine strategies. To better understand the localization of viral epitopes involved in antibody-mediated neutralization of virus infectivity, we have orally immunized mice with live rhesus rotavirus (RRV) and generated a panel of hybridoma cell clones secreting IgA class monoclonal antibodies. A total of 12 neutralizing IgA MAbs to VP4 and VP7 proteins were studied for their epitope specificity and topographical relationships by hemagglutination-inhibition assays, neutralization assays, and competitive-binding assays with previously mapped MAbs. In addition, neutralization-escape virus mutants were selected and gene segments for each variant were cloned and sequenced. Two IgA MAbs were found to be directed to the antigenic region A of the VP7 protein at amino acid 94, and 10 MAbs were directed at the VP8 trypsin cleavage fragment of VP4. Five of the VP4-specific MAbs identified the same neutralization epitope on the RRV VP8 protein, not previously associated with RRV neutralization. All neutralization-escape variants selected by this antibody group contained mutations at amino acids 132- 135 of VP4. One IgA MAb selected for a mutation at amino acid 190 of VP4, and the corresponding viral mutant failed to agglutinate erythrocytes. This MAb mapped to an epitope recognized by 2 additional IgA MAbs. These results suggest that oral immunization of mice with RRV elicits an IgA immune response which is predominantly directed toward antigenic determinants on the VP8 portion of VP4. As a consequence, the route of immunization may alter immunodominant neutralization responses elicited to rotavirus.
...
PMID:Production and characterization of murine IgA monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigens of rhesus rotavirus. 891 37

We have applied the technique of sputum induction by hypertonic saline in asthmatics and nonatopic control subjects to study an array of indices of airway inflammation believed to be relevant to asthma pathogenesis. Compatible with a central role for eosinophils and mast cells in asthma, sputum of asthmatic subjects contained increased numbers of eosinophils and levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and mast cell tryptase. Eosinophil numbers, and ECP and histamine levels correlated with the degree of methacholine airways responsiveness, and ECP, tryptase, and histamine correlated with raised concentrations of albumin. Using the micro-Boyden chamber technique eosinophil chemotactic activity was identified only in the sputum from asthmatics. The correlation between the raised levels of total IgA, IL-8/IgA complexes, and tryptase and the degree of sputum eosinophilia and ECP levels, suggests possible mechanisms for eosinophil chemotaxis and activation in asthma. Row cytometric analysis of sputum lymphocytes showed an increase in CD4+ T cells and T cells expressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in asthma which, together with the finding of raised levels of soluble ICAM-1 in the sputum, indicates upregulation of this adhesion molecule. Finally, the proportion of CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells was reduced in the sputum of asthmatics. These observations highlight the importance of the airway inflammation in causing asthma and further confirm the usefulness of sputum induction as a tool in asthma research.
...
PMID:Cell infiltration, ICAM-1 expression, and eosinophil chemotactic activity in asthmatic sputum. 903 80

In order to analyze the protective role that IgA may play in a chlamydial infection two IgA monoclonal antibodies (mAb), MoPn 4-2 and MoPn 13-2, were raised against the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) biovar. mAb MoPn 4-2 was found to be serovar specific while mAb MoPn 13-2 was species specific. mAb MoPn 4-2 recognized a surface exposed conformational epitope as shown by its ability to bind to native EBs and nonreduced MOMP while failing to bind to heat and trypsin treated EBs, to reduced MOMP and to synthetic MOMP peptides. In contrast, mAb MoPn 13-2 recognized a nonconformational epitope since it was able to bind treated EBs, to reduced MOMP and to the synthetic peptide MTTWNPTISGSGI located in variable domain 4 of the MOMP. Both mAbs agglutinated intact EBs and had in vitro neutralizing activity. However, mAb MoPn 4-2 had a 20-fold higher in vitro neutralizing ability when compared to mAb MoPn 13-2 (50% neutralization at 5 micrograms ml-1 vs 100 micrograms ml-1). In an in vitro in vivo infectivity assay, mAb MoPn 4-2 protected mice against infertility when C. trachomatis MoPn elementary bodies were preincubated with the mAb before inoculation. In addition, passive transfer of mAb MoPn 4-2 resulted in significant protection as measured by a decrease in the number of mice infected, and in the intensity and duration of vaginal shedding. These results support previous findings suggesting that IgA antibodies can play a role in protection against a chlamydial infection, and further encourage work to develop vaccination strategies that elicit mucosal immunity.
...
PMID:Monoclonal immunoglobulin A antibody to the major outer membrane protein of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis biovar protects mice against a chlamydial genital challenge. 916 May 28

The lipoprotein outer surface protein A (OspA) of the Lyme disease agent. Borrelia burgdorferi, has provided protection to mice and other animals against systemic infection when delivered orally as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli, bacille Calmette. Guerin or Salmonella typhimurium. In the present study purified recombinant strain B31 OspA or outer surface protein D (OspD), another lipoprotein of B. burgdorferi, were administered either subcutaneously (s.c.) or orally without cell carrier or adjuvant to mice. In comparison to the OspD preparation, the OspA protein was 256-fold more resistant to trypsin. Whereas OspA in the suspension was in regular complexes of 17-25 nm in size, OspD formed amorphous globules of different sizes. Animals received a primary immunization and at least one booster. Mice immunized s.c. with either OspA or OspD had detectable antibodies to B. burgdorferi by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), growth inhibition assay (GIA) and immunoblot. Delivered orally, OspA but not OspD elicited a specific antibody response, including IgA, as determined by these assays. The geometric mean titre of sera from mice who received 4 micrograms of OspA orally on days 1, 2, 4, 21 and 22 was 1470 by Ig ELISA, 320 by IgA ELISA and 128 by GIA. In infectious challenge experiments with B. burgdorferi strain Sh2-2-82 (OspA+ OspD- ) inoculated intradermally at 100 x the ID 50 all eight mice immunized with the 4 micrograms dose of OspA were protected, none of the mice immunized with the 4 micrograms dose of OspD were protected (P < 0.001 by Fisher exact test). These studies indicate that the lipoprotein OspA provides protection against systemic B. burgdorferi infection when delivered orally as a purified protein.
...
PMID:Oral delivery of purified lipoprotein OspA protects mice from systemic infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. 917 76


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---