Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
 42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By using immunoblotting, neutralization, and ELISA, the development of secretory antibody responses to poliovirus type 3 virion proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3) and to intact or trypsin-treated poliovirus type 3 was studied in the nasopharyngeal secretions in groups of infants after immunization with live attenuated poliovirus vaccine (OPV), enhanced potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV-EP), or after combined vaccination with IPV-EP followed by OPV. After three doses of vaccine, infants in all vaccine groups developed similar secretory IgA response to VP1 and VP2. The antibody response to VP3 was observed in 76.5% of subjects immunized with OPV alone and approximately 60% of those immunized with IPV-EP followed by OPV. However, only 13% of those immunized with IPV-EP alone exhibited VP3-specific antibody response. Significant differences in poliovirus type 3 specific antibody activity were observed between OPV and IPV-EP immunized subjects when trypsin-treated poliovirus was used as the antigen for neutralization or for ELISA in vitro. The neutralizing antibody activity against cleaved virus was significantly higher than against whole virus in the OPV vaccinated subjects. Both neutralizing and ELISA antibody activity against cleaved virus was significantly lower than against the whole virus in IPV-EP immunized subjects.
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PMID:Nasopharyngeal secretory antibody response to poliovirus type 3 virion proteins exhibit different specificities after immunization with live or inactivated poliovirus vaccines. 247 Aug 31

Local protection in patients with complicated tuberculosis was investigated. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was tested for the levels of IgA, sIgA, IgM, IgG, lysozyme, activity of granulocyte proteinases (elastase and trypsin-like proteinases) and their acid-fast inhibitors, ability to produce interferons by the BALF cells, the BALF cell composition and functional activity of alveolar macrophages. The local protection was shown to be decreased in the patients with nonspecific inflammatory processes in the bronchi. The decrease was especially pronounced in the patients with purulent endobronchitis. The data indicated the necessity of using immunocorrectors in combined therapy of such patients.
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PMID:[Bronchopulmonary local defense in nonspecific endobronchitis in patients with tuberculosis]. 247 69

After a brief review of the molecular structure of cervical mucus, the data are presented on inhibition of sperm transport through cervical mucus by polyanions and on enhancement of sperm penetration in cases of infertility due to antisperm antibodies. Cervical mucus is a gel made up of large, unbranched, glycosylated glycoprotein with highly glycosylated domains separated by hydrophobic peptide chains. Spermatozoa probably traverse the unbound water phase rather than the water bound to the macromolecules. Since mucin is a polyanion, polycations were investigated as potential vaginal spermicides. The two biguanides studies, chlorhexidine and Vantocil were both spermicidal in concentrations of 1-10 mg/ml. Their rate of entry into mucin in capillary tubes differed. Vantocil penetrated superficially and set up a barrier of inspissated mucus. Chlorhexidine entered further, with dept inversely proportional to concentration. Both biguanides increased the thickness of cervical mucus in a dose-dependent manner, as judged by dynamic storage modules, by sedimentation in analytical ultracentrifugation, and by solubility in 0.22 M thiocyanate. It was speculated that these biguanides act by altering the molecular configuration of mucin. In the presence of anti-sperm antibodies, spermatozoa observed in cervical mucus in vitro may show non-progressive mobility or immobility. The presence of auto-antibodies can be shown with Immunobeads. Binding of secretory IgA to sperm can be cleaved with bacterial protease as can binding of IgG with trypsin. By assaying the blockage of sperm by antibodies with Immunobeads and measuring penetration of sperm in donor cervical mucus, displacement of sperm antibodies could be demonstrated in 9 infertile subjects. Therefore, it might be possible to treat the ejaculate with proteases, and achieve conception by either a gamete intrafallopian tube transfer or an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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PMID:Changes in cervical mucus that prevent penetration by spermatozoa. 270 82

Expression of receptors for IgA (Fc alpha Rs) was investigated on a panel of 35 human B cell lines by labelling with human secretory IgA (0.5 mg/ml) and flow cytometry analysis after staining with fluoresceinated goat anti-human secretory component and/or anti-alpha chain F(ab')2 fragments. Receptors for IgA could be demonstrated on one out of nine Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, three out of five myeloma cell lines and five out of 21 lymphoblastoid cell lines. The percentage of Fc alpha R-positive cells within the same B cell line varied upon repeated examination. Human dimeric IgA1 lambda myeloma protein revealed the same number of IgA receptor positive cells as did secretory IgA, whereas monomeric IgA did not bind to Fc alpha R. Detection of Fc alpha R was not inhibited when the tests were carried out in the presence of human dimeric IgG, IgM, asialo-orosomucoid, and secretory component but it was abrogated by pre-treatment of the cells with trypsin. The binding characteristics of Fc alpha Rs were studied on the myeloma cell line Esteve, using 125I-labelled human dimeric IgA and secretory IgA. The binding was dose-dependent with rapid kinetics and specific inhibition by unlabelled secretory IgA. Scatchard plot analysis resulted in an equilibrium constant K ranging from 3.2 to 4.7 x 10(6) M/l. No correlation was observed between Fc alpha R expression and differentiation stage, monoclonality, polyclonality of the cell lines, or Ig class produced by the B cells.
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PMID:Spontaneous expression of a low affinity Fc receptor for IgA (Fc alpha R) on human B cell lines. 278 48

The present work demonstrates the expression of receptors for the Fc portion of rodent Ig by the murine parasite Trypanosoma musculi. By using a rosette assay adapted to the parasite morphology and by flow cytometry analysis, three distinct receptors were identified. A receptor binding rabbit or rat polyclonal IgG and mouse monoclonal IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b was found on parasites purified from the blood and the peritoneal cavity of infected mice and on parasites maintained in culture conditions. This IgG receptor was degraded by pepsin. A separate receptor, binding only mouse monoclonal IgG3 was observed on cultured parasites. A receptor binding rabbit, rat, and mouse IgM was found on cultured and peritoneal parasites, but not on blood parasites. This receptor did not bind IgG or IgA but it bound mouse and rat IgE as well as IgM. It was degraded by trypsin. IgG and IgM/IgE receptors were co-expressed on single parasites. They were not of host origin but synthesized by trypanosomes as shown by reexpression in vitro after proteolytic degradation. Their expression was variable with the development of trypanosomes both in vitro and in vivo.
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PMID:Trypanosoma musculi co-express several receptors binding rodent IgM, IgE, and IgG subclasses. 291 28

Human alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were found to bear cytophilic IgA and Fc alpha-receptors (Fc alpha R) on their surface. The cytophilic IgA belongs to the IgA1 subclass, but unoccupied receptors can be saturated with either IgA1 or IgA2 molecules. Although both polymeric and monomeric forms could attach, binding was about 5-fold greater for the polymers. Both cytophilic IgA and Fc alpha R are sensitive to trypsin and disappear after 18 h of AM culture. An increase in cytophilic IgA was observed on AM from untreated patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, but not on AM from steroid-treated patients. A significant correlation was found between IgA levels in BAL and the percentage of AM with cytophilic IgA in normal subjects and in steroid-treated sarcoid patients. However, no such relationship was seen among untreated patients. These data suggest that multiple factors may modulate AM surface receptors for IgA. Inflammatory events occurring in the lungs could alter receptor expression and perhaps be of significance in the immunophysiopathology of certain pulmonary diseases.
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PMID:Surface IgA and Fc-alpha receptors on human alveolar macrophages from normal subjects and from patients with sarcoidosis. 292 74

The ability of fresh human amnion to bind and internalize horseradish peroxidase-labeled IgG (IgG-HRP) was examined in an in vitro Ussing chamber system. The amnion demonstrated unique cell membrane receptors for the Fc portion of IgG molecules (Fc gamma R). The Fc gamma R exhibit exquisite specificity and affinity for IgG monomers as demonstrated by staining with labeled IgG. Labeled IgA, IgM, F(ab')2 fragments of IgG, aggregated IgG, and antigen-antibody complexes all failed to bind to the amnionic epithelial cells. Binding was only minimally affected by changes in ionic strength or pH when viewed at the light microscopic level. The Fc gamma R are located on both the apical and basal cell membranes. The binding of IgG-HRP to the amnion cell membrane was detectable within 1 min, and internalization of the ligand occurred within 5 min. No binding of IgG-HRP was observed following treatment of the membrane with 0.25% trypsin for 30 min at room temperature. Incubation of the amnion at 4 degrees C or in the presence of colchicine or cytochalasin D prevented internalization of the IgG-HRP. These experiments demonstrate Fc gamma R on human amnionic epithelial cells that both bind and internalize IgG, thus allowing the amnion to be used as a model system for studying IgG transport.
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PMID:Human amnion as a model for IgG transport. 295 76

There are three major surface-localized protein antigens of group B streptococci: c, R, and X. Their precise role in human immunity to group B streptococci has not been defined. Studies of the c protein suggested that type II strains possessing both trypsin-resistant and trypsin-sensitive components of the c protein were less easily killed in vitro and were more virulent in an infant rat model of infection as compared with type II strains that do not bear these proteins. The c protein components were immunogenic in mice and rabbits. Polyclonal rabbit antisera were protective in the infant rat model of bacteremia/sepsis and facilitated killing of type II strains bearing the c protein in an in vitro opsonophagocytic bacterial killing assay. The role of the IgA-binding capacity of the c protein in altering the interaction of group B streptococcal strains with host defenses remains undefined at this time.
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PMID:Surface-localized protein antigens of group B streptococci. 305 5

Immunoreactive anionic trypsin and anionic elastase have been demonstrated in human milk, by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Cationic trypsin and cationic elastase could not be detected by these methods. The anionic trypsin is probably present in complex with IgA. No benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) splitting activity was found in human skim milk. Anionic trypsin was isolated by immunoadsorption chromatography. The purified enzyme had a BAPNA-splitting activity.
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PMID:Immunoreactive anionic trypsin and anionic elastase in human milk. 310 41

Goat and rabbit polyclonal reagents can be raised which recognize a new isotype of bovine antibodies. The polyclonal goat reagent was raised against a preparation enriched in the major IgG2 isotype (IgG2a) which contained the new isotype as a contaminant. The polyclonal rabbit reagent was prepared against a trypsin-derived Fc fraction of bovine IgG1 which contained the Fc of the new isotype as a contaminant. This new isotype is present in the sera of the cattle of all breeds tested regardless of their IgG2a allotype and is antigenically distinct from IgG2a, IgG1, IgA, IgM and IgE. The new isotype coelutes from DEAE anion exchangers with IgG1 and the more acidic populations of IgG2a. The isotype is tentatively designated IgG2b. The distribution of IgG2b antibody activity to E. coli K99 and phosphorylcholine among 15 cattle of different A allotypes is not correlated with the IgG2a or IgG1 antibody activity in these animals.
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PMID:The heterogeneity of bovine IgG2. II. The identification of IgG2b. 312 75


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