Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. One group received 15% (vol/vol) ethanol as their only drinking solution for 12 weeks; the rest of the animals served as controls, receiving tap water only. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis (AHP) was induced with a retrograde infusion of 5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic ducts, and the generated peritoneal exudate was collected 5 h after induction. When compared with the water-receiving control rats, chronic ethanol ingestion decreased amylase activity (p less than 0.001) and trypsin-inhibiting capacity (TIC) (p less than 0.001), whereas protein concentration was increased (p less than 0.001) in the peritoneal exudate collected from the ethanol-receiving group. The toxicity of the peritoneal exudate was assessed by intraperitoneal injections of the exudate from rats into mice (n = 90). Saline or injections of the peritoneal exudate from the rats that received water did not kill any mice, and exudate from the rats that had been drinking the mixture of ethanol and water killed one mouse. In conclusion, chronic ethanol ingestion does not increase the toxicity of the peritoneal exudate secreted during AHP in this experimental model. In AHP, however, ethanol consumption increases protein concentration and decreases TIC in peritoneal exudate. Hence, the balance of the protease-antiprotease system may be of importance to the outcome of AHP.
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PMID:Long-term ethanol ingestion does not increase the toxicity of peritoneal exudate generated during acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis in rats. 244 64

To study the effects of dietary composition and chronic ethanol ingestion on plasma proteinase inhibitor (PI) levels in intact animals, 192 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, which received a standard diet (S), a fat-rich diet (F), a protein-rich diet (P), and a carbohydrate-rich diet (C), respectively, for 12 weeks. Half of the animals in each diet group had 15% ethanol as their drinking solution (A) during this diet period, and the rest drank tap water (W). FW and CW diets caused a significant decrease in the trypsin-inhibiting capacity (TIC) of plasma in comparison with the SW group (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001, respectively), and chronic ethanol ingestion in combination with P and C diets decreased plasma TIC levels significantly (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001) when compared with the corresponding water-drinking groups. The chymotrypsin-inhibiting capacity (CIC) of plasma behaved differently: in the FW, PW, and CW groups it was significantly higher than in the SW group (p less than 0.001). Chronic ethanol ingestion did not change plasma CIC levels significantly when compared with the corresponding water-receiving groups. In conclusion, dietary intake was found to alter plasma PI levels. Changes in the protein synthesis of the liver might be responsible for these alterations.
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PMID:The composition of diet in conjunction with chronic ethanol consumption alters plasma proteinase inhibitor levels in rats. 352 61

The methods of either image or flow cytometry applied to developing bladder tumors in rats requires satisfactory cell samples and a system for cell classification that is related to the lesions from which the cells are derived. Seven- to eight-week-old male Fisher 344 rats were fed 0.05% of the carcinogen N-butyl-4-N-hydroxybutylnitrosamine (BBN) in drinking water for 10 wk and then returned to tap water. Animals were killed at 14, 26, 34, 45 and 62 wk after the start of carcinogen feeding. Age-matched untreated animals were controls. Bladders were fixed, embedded, sectioned, and histologically evaluated, or were dissociated with a trypsin/EDTA solution into single cells that were Papanicolaou stained and evaluated for cytopathologic changes. Overnight urines were collected before killing; urine sediments were Papanicolaou stained and evaluated. Histologic features were hyperplasia at 14 wk, followed by slowly progressing papillary transitional cell tumors that eventually led to invasive carcinoma and were similar to those reported for this animal model. Treated animals had cytologic features of repair at 14 and 26 wk and neoplastic features at 45 and 62 wk. Both reparative and neoplastic changes were found at 34 wk. Cells were much more numerous in urines from treated rats (greater than 1,000 per sample) than in urines from controls (less than 1,000 per sample). Although exfoliated cells in urine samples were generally of poor quality, as many as 11% of cells were adequately preserved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Morphologic changes in rat urothelial cells during carcinogenesis: I. Histologic and cytologic changes. 648 59

Whereas excystation of sporozoites from oocysts of most coccidian species requires exposure to reducing conditions followed by pancreatic enzymes and bile salts, sporozoites of a bovine isolate of a bovine isolate of Cryptosporidium excysted without exposure to either reducing conditions or to pancreatic enzymes and bile salts. Without prior exposure to reducing conditions, a high percent excysted after incubation in a mixture of trypsin and bile salts in Ringer's solution; fewer excysted after incubation in tap water, even fewer after incubation in salt solutions, and none after incubation in saliva. Excystation, generally greater at pH 7.6 than at pH 6.0 and at 37 degrees C than at 20 degrees C, was observed as early as 1 h after incubation in water or the trypsin-bile mixture. These findings provide circumstantial evidence that oocysts of Cryptosporidium can excyst in extraintestinal sites and liberate sporozoites that can initiate autoinfection.
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PMID:The effects of reducing conditions, medium, pH, temperature, and time on in vitro excystation of Cryptosporidium. 651 26

Squalene-enriched, trypsinized microsomes display no squalene epoxidase activity either as such or when combined with normal microsomes. On addition of microgram quantities of supernatant protein factor to the combined system, squalene epoxidation commences at once and continues at a rapid rate (Friedlander, E. J., Caras, I. W., Lin, L. F., and Bloch, K. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 8042-8045). When mixtures of trypsin-treated, [3H]squalene-containing microsomes and normal microsomes are subjected to isopycnic density gradient centrifugation, the two microsomal populations separate readily. Essentially all of the radioactive squalene remains associated with the lighter (trypsinized) fraction of microsomes. However, if the mixture of microsomes is initially incubated with supernatant protein factor and then centrifuged, a large fraction of labeled squalene sediments with the denser, normal microsomes. Thus, supernatant protein factor mediates the transfer of squalene from one microsome population to another. This conclusion had previously been reached on the basis of less direct experiments (Friedlander, E. J., Caras, I. W., Lin, L. F., and Bloch, K. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 8042-8045). Evidence is presented that the process of supernatant protein factor-mediated squalene transfer does not involve membrane fusion and proceeds also in the reverse direction.
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PMID:Protein-facilitated intermembrane transfer of squalene. Demonstration by density gradient centrifugation. 725 95

The incidence of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by contaminated low-pH fruit juices is increasing. With recent mandatory pasteurization of apple juice and the industry's concerns of food safety, fruit juice processors are showing more interest in alternative nonthermal technologies that can kill >99.99% of microbial pathogens present in foods. The association of the coccidian protozoan, Cryptosporidium, with diarrheal disease outbreaks from contaminated tap water and fruit juice raises a safety concern in the food and beverage industries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on C. parvum oocysts. Oocysts were suspended in apple and orange juice and HHP treated at 5.5 x 10(8) Pa (80,000 psi) for 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 s. Oocyst viability was assessed by excystation using bile salts and trypsin while the cell culture foci detection method was used to assess infectivity. Results indicated that HHP inactivated C. parvum oocysts by at least 3.4 log10 after 30 s of treatment. No infectivity was detected in samples exposed to > or =60 s of HHP and >99.995% inactivation was observed. This study demonstrated that HHP efficiently rendered the oocysts nonviable and noninfectious after treatment at 5.5 x 10(8) Pa.
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PMID:Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on Cryptosporidium parvum infectivity. 1098 3

The effects of heat treatments on the proximate composition, energy content, and levels of some antinutritional factors in brown and marble-colored African yam bean (AYB) seed flours were investigated. In raw brown and marble-colored AYB seed flours; moisture content, dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash, total carbohydrate and caloric value did not differ significantly at the 5% level. Autoclaving and cooking slightly increased the moisture level. Crude protein, crude fat, and ash contents were decreased by autoclaving and were further decreased by cooking. The decrease was not, however, considerable for the AYB that is not eaten raw and whose full nutritional potential as a legume can be derived only when heat treated, as previous reports have indicated for legume seeds. The levels of the toxicants were generally higher in the raw brown AYB compared to the marble-colored, and were generally reduced by both autoclaving and cooking. In the most commonly available and consumed marble-colored AYB, autoclaving at 121 degrees C, 15 psi for 20 min decreased cyanogenic glycosides by 46%, oxalate by 48.9%, tannin by 15.0%, saponin by 14.8% and trypsin inhibitors by 61.3% while cooking for 3.5 hours in tap water decreased these toxic factors by 66.5%, 70.3%, 72.2%, 48.7%, and 86.0%, respectively. The results indicate that for raw samples, varietal difference did not significantly affect nutrient composition though the toxicants were generally higher in the brown AYB than the marble-colored. Autoclaving decreased both nutrient value and the level of toxicants in the two seed types; values were further reduced by cooking. Of the toxicants, trypsin inhibitor was found to be the most heat-labile and of the heat treatment methods, cooking to tenderness is recommendable.
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PMID:Effect of heat treatment on the proximate composition, energy values, and levels of some toxicants in African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) seed varieties. 1260 31

Our objectives were to determine the effects of neuroendocrine challenge and substrates on in vitro alpha-amylase and trypsin release in pancreatic tissue collected from Holstein calves (n = 24; 88 +/- 3 kg) abomasally infused for 10 d with tap water (control), partially hydrolyzed starch (SH; 4 g/[kg of BW x d]) and/ or casein (0.6 g/[kg of BW x d]). The caudal portion of the pancreas was removed, rinsed with ice-cold saline, cut into approximately 2 x 2-mm segments, and incubated in oxygenated Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing no substrate (control), glucose, amino acids, or VFA at 39 degrees C. After 60 min of incubation, neurohormonal mimics (none; control), carbachol (acetylcholine analog; 10 microM final), or caerulein (cholecystokinin mimic; 100 nM final) were added to the flasks and tissue was incubated for 60 min. Pancreatic tissue concentrations and in vitro release of alpha-amylase and trypsin decreased (P < 0.001) in calves abomasally infused with SH. Carbachol increased (P < 0.10) alpha-amylase and trypsin release in tissue collected from all calves. An effect of caerulein to increase alpha-amylase release (P < 0.10) was only observed with prior exposure to abomasal casein infusion in vivo or with simultaneous incubation with amino acids in vitro. Caerulein increased (P < 0.10) trypsin release in tissue collected from all calves except for those receiving SH + casein. Glucose decreased (P < 0.10) alpha-amylase release from pancreatic tissue collected from calves receiving abomasal control and casein treatments. Amino acids decreased (P < 0.10) alpha-amylase and trypsin release from pancreatic tissue collected from calves receiving the abomasal control treatment. Glucose, amino acids, and VFA decreased (P < 0.10) trypsin release from tissue collected from calves receiving abomasal SH. These data indicate that carbachol can stimulate pancreatic enzyme release in vitro. Caerulein, however, is only effective in stimulating in vitro pancreatic enzyme release in tissue from calves with an increased postruminal protein supply or in tissue incubated with amino acids. The results indicate that postruminal and local nutrients might be important in altering the responsiveness to a neuroendocrine challenge and could be an important regulatory event involved with dietary adaptation in ruminants.
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PMID:Influence of substrate and/or neurohormonal mimic on in vitro pancreatic enzyme release from calves postruminally infused with partially hydrolyzed starch and/or casein. 1277 61

The histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of the bone marrow yields important information for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), thereby often exceeding the information obtained by cytological analysis of smears. Notably, tissue-fibrosis, angiogenesis, or the abnormal localization of megakaryocytes and CD34+ progenitor cells can only be assessed histologically. Many of these parameters are also of prognostic significance. Moreover, evaluation of bone marrow histology is of crucial importance in cases with dry-tap or blood-contaminated marrow-smears, especially in hypoplastic states. Histologic/immunohistochemical investigation of the bone marrow therefore is strongly recommended for patients with (suspected) MDS, the minimum marker-panel suggested being CD31, CD34, and tryptase.
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PMID:Diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemistry in myelodysplastic syndromes. 1760 34

Desquamation in human skin is a well-balanced process of de novo production of corneocytes and their shedding from the skin surface. The proteolysis of corneodesmosomes is an important step in the final desquamation process. In the degradation of these adhesion molecules, the stratum corneum tryptic enzyme (SCTE) plays a key role. In initial studies with extracts of porcine epidermis, SCTE was shown to be inactivated by low concentrations of sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES). These in vitro findings were supported by in situ results obtained by measuring the release of fluorescent dyes coupled to trypsin-specific substrates incubated on human skin cross-sections. Moreover, in further studies, it could be demonstrated that the SCTE activity in the human horny layer decreases after in vivo application of cleansing products containing SLES. After repeated washing of human volunteers with tap water, a standard market cleansing product (SLES/betaine system) or a new improved cleansing product (SLES/betaine/disodium cocoyl glutamate system), the specific SCTE activity was determined in extracts from the uppermost layers of the stratum corneum. It could be shown that after application of the new formula the remaining SCTE activity was significantly higher than after use of the standard market formula. This ex vivo approach has proven to be very helpful for measuring surfactant effects on human skin enzymes. Using this assay, we developed an improved shower gel formula, which leads to a significantly higher skin enzyme activity after application, compared to a standard market formula.
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PMID:Influence of cleansing on stratum corneum tryptic enzyme in human skin. 1849 37


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