Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Digestion of the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor with chymotrypsin results in the generation of a 42-kDa fragment which contains the steroid-binding and DNA-binding domains and the antigenic site for the BuGR anti-glucocorticoid receptor monoclonal antibody, while digestion with trypsin generates a 15-kDa receptor fragment containing only the DNA-binding function and the BuGR epitope (Eisen, L.P., Reichman, M.E., Thompson, E.B., Gametchu, B., Harrison, R. W., and Eisen, H.J. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 11805-11810). In this paper, glucocorticoid receptor of mouse L cells that were grown in the presence of [32P]orthophosphate was digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin (either before or after immune purification with BuGR antibody) and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, and Western blotting. The receptor is endogenously phosphorylated only on serine residues. Chymotrypsin digestion results in a 32P-labeled 42-kDa receptor fragment which contains steroid-binding, DNA-binding, and BuGR-reactive sites. Trypsin digestion generates a 27-kDa steroid-bound fragment (meroreceptor) which is not labeled with 32P and a 32P-labeled 15-kDa fragment which contains both the DNA-binding domain and the BuGR epitope. We have calculated that there are 4 times as many phosphate residues in the intact receptor than in the 42-kDa chymotrypsin fragment. From examination of 32P-labeled receptor fragments, we have deduced that one phosphate is located between amino acids 398 and 447, a region containing the BuGR epitope and about one-third of the DNA-binding domain, and the remaining three phosphates appear to be clustered just to the amino-terminal side of the BuGR epitope in a region defined by amino acids 313 to 369. Treatment of intact 32P-labeled receptor in cytosol with alkaline phosphatase removes these three phosphates, but it does not remove the phosphate from the DNA-binding-BuGR-reactive fragment and it does not affect the ability of the transformed receptor to bind to DNA-cellulose.
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PMID:Localization of phosphorylation sites with respect to the functional domains of the mouse L cell glucocorticoid receptor. 304 15

We have investigated the physiochemical characteristics of trypsin-treated, molybdate-stabilized glucocorticoid-receptor complexes from rat liver in the presence of 10 mM sodium molybdate by high performance ion-exchange chromatography, high performance size-exclusion chromatography, and sedimentation analysis. Trypsin treatment was performed under conditions previously reported to degrade the monomeric Mr approximately 94,000 steroid-binding protein to an Mr approximately 27,000 ligand-binding entity (Wrange, O., and Gustafsson, J.-A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 856-865). Also in the presence of molybdate, an Mr approximately 27,000 steroid-binding fragment was obtained by limited trypsinization. However, no major differences in the tested physicochemical parameters were seen when trypsin-treated glucocorticoid-receptor complexes were compared with crude cytosolic complexes. Furthermore, the Mr approximately 27,000 steroid-binding fragment generated in the presence of molybdate could be immunoprecipitated by antibodies specific for the glucocorticoid receptor-associated Mr approximately 90,000 heat shock protein. These results provide direct evidence for an interaction of the Mr approximately 90,000 heat shock protein with the steroid-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor, known to correspond to the C-terminal third of the receptor protein.
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PMID:Interaction of the Mr = 90,000 heat shock protein with the steroid-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor. 319 46

We have identified a factor from rat liver cytosol that enhances the DNA-cellulose-binding ability of the glucocorticoid receptor and lowers the sedimentation value from 9-10 S to 4-5 S. Cytosol is prepared in the presence of molybdate, and unactivated receptor is isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in the presence of molybdate. This receptor sediments at 9-10 S and has little affinity for DNA. If the molybdate is removed and the receptor is incubated at 25 degrees C with the low-salt wash of the DEAE-cellulose column, DNA binding is enhanced by 50-600% relative to controls incubated with buffer only. In addition, the factor present in the low-salt wash converts the 9-10 S receptor into a mixture of 5 S and 4 S forms. The factor must be present during the incubation in order to exert its maximal effect. Factor added after the incubation has only marginal effects on the DNA-binding ability of the receptor, indicating that the factor does not increase the DNA-binding ability of activated receptor. Moreover, the factor is significantly less effective on receptor that has been activated before incubation with the factor. These results suggest that the factor acts as an activation enhancer. Preliminary characterization indicates that the activation enhancer is a trypsin-sensitive protein of approx. 70,000 Da, whose activation-enhancing properties are inhibited by ATP. RNAase A, which has effects similar to those described above on the 7-8 S receptor, does not mimic the effects of the activation enhancer on the 9-10 S receptor.
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PMID:Identification of a protein from rat liver cytosol that enhances activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. 322 10

Purified rat liver glucocorticoid receptor was covalently charged with [3H]glucocorticoid by photoaffinity labeling (UV irradiation of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide-glucocorticoid receptor) or affinity labeling (incubation with [3H]dexamethasone mesylate). After labeling, separate samples of the denatured receptor were cleaved with trypsin (directly or after prior succinylation), chymotrypsin, and cyanogen bromide. Labeled residues in the peptides obtained were identified by radiosequence analysis. The peaks of radioactivity corresponded to Met-622 and Cys-754 after photoaffinity labeling with [3H]triamcinolone acetonide and Cys-656 after affinity labeling with [3H]dexamethasone mesylate. The labeled residues are all positioned within hydrophobic segments of the steroid-binding domain. The patterns of hydropathy and secondary structure for the glucocorticoid receptor are highly similar to those for the progestin receptor and similar but less so to those for the estrogen receptor and to those for c-erb A.
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PMID:Identification of hormone-interacting amino acid residues within the steroid-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in relation to other steroid hormone receptors. 336 Aug 9

The specificity of protein labeling by an affinity label of glucocorticoid receptors, dexamethasone 21-mesylate (Dex-Mes), was investigated using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model. During the early stages of [3H]Dex-Mes labeling at pH 8.8, approximately 90% of the covalent bond formation occurred at the one non-oxidized cysteine (Cys-34) of BSA. The nonspecific labeling was equally distributed over the rest of the BSA molecule. [3H]Dex-Mes labeling of Cys-34 was totally, and specifically inhibited by nearly stoichiometric amounts of the thiol-specific reagent methyl methanethiolsulfonate (MMTS). Thus both Dex-Mes and MMTS appear to react very selectively with thiols under our conditions. In reactions with hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cell glucocorticoid receptors, MMTS was equally efficient in preventing [3H]dexamethasone binding to receptors and [3H]Dex-Mes labeling of the 98-kDa receptor protein. These results indicate that Dex-Mes labeling of the glucocorticoid receptor involves covalent reaction with at least one cysteine in the steroid binding site of the receptor. Small (approximately 1600-dalton) fragments of the [3H]Dex-Mes-labeled 98-kDa receptor were generated by limit proteolysis with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease under denaturing conditions. Data from these fragments on 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were consistent with all of the covalent [3H] Dex-Mes being located on one or a few cysteines in one approximately 15-residue stretch of the receptor. Further studies revealed no differences in the limit protease digestion patterns of activated and unactivated [3H]Dex-Mes-labeled receptors with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or V8 protease under denaturing conditions. These data suggest that activation does not cause any major covalent modifications of the amino acids immediately surrounding the affinity-labeled cysteine(s) of the steroid binding site.
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PMID:Selective covalent labeling of cysteines in bovine serum albumin and in hepatoma tissue culture cell glucocorticoid receptors by dexamethasone 21-mesylate. 359 34

The structural organization of the steroid-binding protein of the IM-9 cell glucocorticoid receptor was investigated by using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteolytic receptor fragments. One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of receptor fragments isolated after trypsin digestion of immunopurified [3H]dexamethasone 21-mesylate ([3H]DM-) labeled receptor revealed the presence of a stable 26.5-kilodalton (kDa) steroid-containing, non-DNA-binding fragment, derived from a larger, less stable, 29-kDa fragment. The 26.5-kDa tryptic fragment appeared to be completely contained within a 41-kDa, steroid-containing, DNA-binding species isolated after chymotrypsin digestion of the intact protein. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the [3H]DM-labeled tryptic fragments resolved two (pI congruent to 5.7 and 7.0) 26.5-kDa and two (pI congruent equal to 5.7 and 6.8) 29-kDa components. This was the same number of isoforms seen in the intact protein, indicating that the charge heterogeneity of the steroid-binding protein is the result of modification within the steroid-containing, non-DNA-binding, 26.5-kDa tryptic fragment. Two-dimensional analysis of the 41-kDa [3H]DM-labeled chymotryptic species revealed a pattern of isoforms more complex than that seen either in the intact protein or in the steroid-containing tryptic fragments. These results suggest that the 41-kDa [3H]DM-labeled species resolved by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE after chymotrypsin digestion may be composed of several distinct proteolytic fragments.
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PMID:Structural organization of the human glucocorticoid receptor determined by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteolytic receptor fragments. 382 27

The region of the glucocorticoid receptor that reacted with a monoclonal antibody (BUGR-1) was identified. In order to identify the immunoreactive region, the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor was subjected to limited proteolysis; immunoreactive fragments were identified by Western blotting. The monoclonal antibody reacted with both the undigested Mr approximately 97,000 receptor subunit and a Mr approximately 45,000 fragment containing the steroid-binding and DNA-binding domains. Digestion by trypsin also produced two steroid-binding fragments of Mr approximately 27,000 and 31,000 which did not react with the antibody and an immunoreactive Mr approximately 16,000 fragment. This Mr approximately 16,000 fragment was shown to bind to DNA-cellulose, indicating that it contained a DNA-binding domain of the receptor. The undigested receptor must have steroid associated with it to undergo activation to a DNA-binding form. However, the Mr approximately 16,000 immunoreactive fragment binds to DNA-cellulose even if it is obtained by digestion of the steroid-free holoreceptor which does not itself bind to DNA.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody to the rat glucocorticoid receptor. Relationship between the immunoreactive and DNA-binding domain. 384 Jan 64

Human lymphoblastic leukemia cells of line CEM-C7 are glucocroticoid-sensitive and contain glucocorticoid receptors of wild-type characteristics. EL4 mouse lymphoma cells are resistant to lysis by glucocorticoids due to mutant receptors that exhibit abnormal DNA binding. Hybrids between the two cell lines were prepared and analyzed with respect to glucocorticoid responsiveness and to receptor types by DNA-cellulose chromatrography. Sensitive hybrid cell clones contained the CEM-C7-specific receptor in addition to the EL4 type of receptor. Several sensitive hybrid cell clones were used for selection of resistant segregants by growth in the presence of high concentrations of glucocorticoid. These segregants had lost the wild-type CEM-C7 receptor, while the EL4-specific receptor was retained. To identify the human chromosome that was lost concordantly with the CEM-C7 receptor the chromosomes of hybrid cells were studied by alkaline Giemsa (G-11) staining and trypsin/Giemsa banding. All hybrids contained human chromosomes in addition to one to two sets of EL4 chromosomes. Human chromosome 5 was present in all hybrid cell clones that expressed the CEM-C7 receptor and it was absent from those that did not. This absolute correlation was not observed for any other human chromosome. We conclude that the human gene for the glucocorticoid receptor is located on chromosome 5.
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PMID:Assignment of the human gene for the glucocorticoid receptor to chromosome 5. 385 47

The glucocorticoid-receptor complex can be subdivided into three separate domains by limited proteolysis with trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. The following characteristics can be separated: steroid-binding activity (domain A), DNA-binding activity (domain B), and immunoactivity (domain C). We have previously reported the separation of the steroid-binding domain from the DNA-binding domain by limited proteolysis of the receptor with trypsin. In this paper, we report the detection by immunochemical analysis of a third domain of the glucocorticoid receptor, which does not bind hormone. Immunoactivity was detected by using specific antiglucocorticoid receptor antibodies raised in rabbits against purified rat liver glucocorticoid receptor and the assay used was an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After digestion with alpha-chymotrypsin, the immunoactive region of the receptor (domain C) was separated from the other two domains (A and B). The immunoactive fragment was found to have a Stokes radius of 2.6 nm. Further digestion with alpha-chymotrypsin resulted in separation of the immunoactive fragment to give a fragment having a Stokes radius of 1.4 nm. The immunoactive domain could be separated from the half of the glucocorticoid receptor containing the steroid-binding and the DNA-binding domains (Stokes radius, 3.3 nm), by limited proteolysis of the receptor by alpha-chymotrypsin followed by gel filtration or chromatography on DNA-cellulose.
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PMID:Immunochemical analysis of the glucocorticoid receptor: identification of a third domain separate from the steroid-binding and DNA-binding domains. 618 3

The mineralcorticoid receptor in cytosol from the kidneys and hippocampi of adrenalectomized rats was characterized and quantified by use of isoelectric focusing in slabs of polyacrylamide gel. The mineralcorticoid receptor was labeled with [3H]aldosterone after selective blockade of the glucocorticoid receptor sites with a synthetic pure glucocorticoid RU 26988 [11 beta, 17 beta-dihydroxy-17 alpha-(1-propionyl)androsta-1,4,6-trien-3-one]. The apparent dissociation constant for aldosterone was 5.1 X 10(-9) M, and the ligand specificity studies revealed a mineralcorticoid pattern. The glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors were compared by limited trypsin digestion, followed by isoelectric focusing. Completely different fragmentation patterns were obtained for the two receptors in the same cytosol from either kidney or hippocampus. However, comparison of the mineralcorticoid receptor from the kidney with that from the hippocampus gave rise to identical fragmentation patterns. An antiglucocorticoid receptor antibody showed no crossreactivity with the mineralcorticoid receptor. Cytosol from kidney and hippocampus contained 28 +/- 24 and 155 +/- 115 fmol mineralcorticoid receptors/mg cytosol protein, respectively. Significant amounts of RU 26988-resistant [3H]aldosterone-binding sites were also present in cerebrum, cerebellum, spleen, and colon.
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PMID:Mineralcorticoid receptor in rat kidney and hippocampus: characterization and quantitation by isoelectric focusing. 630 34


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