Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clostridiopeptidase B (EC 3.4.22.8) was not inhibited by stoichiometric amounts of lima bean trypsin inhibitor, ovomucoid trypsin inhibitor, Kuntiz bovine trypsin inhibotor, Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor or ovoinhibitor. Activity was diminished at relatively high concentrations of the three latter inhibitors. Human plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin inhibited both the amidase and protease activity of the enzyme. Rat and dog plasmas contained high molecular weight inhibitors, presumably macroglobulins as well. Inhibition by this component was greater in rat plasma than in dog plasma, which may be related to the observation that clostridiopeptidase B-induced generation of kinin activity is indirect in the former plasma, but direct in the later. Leupeptin (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal) and antipain ([S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl] carbamoyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L-argininal) inhibited clostridiopeptidase B (Ki of 2 . 10(-8) and 3 . 10(-8) M, respectively). They were potent inhibitors of clostridiopeptidase B-induced kinin release in dog plasma.
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PMID:Clostridiopeptidase B inhibition by plasma marcroglobulins and microbial antiproteases. 8 Feb 31

The active-site serine residue of Streptomyces griseus trypsin was converted to a cysteine residue, and the product, thioltrypsin, was purified through two chromatographic steps with organomercurial-Sepharose and soybean trypsin inhibitor-Sepharose as specific adsorbents. The purified preparation of thioltrypsin was found to contain a single residue of cysteine and to react with almost equimolar amounts of normality titrants. It exhibited only traces of catalytic activity toward typical trypsin substrates such as Nalpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester, whereas it retained some activity toward "active ester" substrates such as Nalpha-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester. The activity was inhibited by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents, but no inhibition was observed by reagents reactive with the active hydroxyl group of serine proteases. Leupeptin, a natural trypsin inhibitor of peptidyl nature, also inhibited thioltrypsin. Some difference in the mode of leupeptin inhibition, however, was detected between trypsin and thioltrypsin. The bindings of small synthetic ligands and soybean trypsin inhibitor to thioltrypsin were compared with those to trypsin.
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PMID:Thioltrypsin. Chemical transformation of the active-site serine residue of Streptomyces griseus trypsin to a cysteine residue. 41 Aug 3

Leupeptin (acyl peptidyl-L-argininal) is a potent inhibitor of trypsin and related proteases. We analyzed the association of leupeptim with bovine trypsin kinetically, assuming that it proceeds by a pathway which involves two steps: E + I in equilibrium K1 Complex I k-2 in equilibrium k+2 Complex II. The observed dissociation constant (K1) for the first step was 1.24 X 10(-3) M (at pH 8.2 15 degrees C) and the two first-order rate constants (k+2 and k-2) were 166 s-1 and 1.75 X 10(-3.s-1, respectively (at pH 8.2, 15 degrees C). The dissociation constant (Kd) for the whole process was calculated from these parameters to be 1.34 X 10(-8) M. This value is compatible with that determined directly by an independent static method (2.36 X 10(-8) M). We also measured Kd for the leupeptine complex of anhydrotrypsin, a trypsin derivative in which the active-site hydroxyl group is missing. The observed value was about 5 orders of magnitude larger than Kd and was rather similar to K1 in native trypsin. A elupeptin isomer which contains a D-argininal residue did not show strong affinity towards trypsin. These findings suggest that complex II consists of a covalent hemiacetal adduct formed between the serine hydroxyl group in the enzyme active site and the aldehyde group in the inhibitor. The pH dependencies of the dissociation constant and other parameters show that deprotonation of the charge-relay sustem in the active site is important for the formation and stabilization of complex II.
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PMID:Mechanism of association of a specific aldehyde inhibitor, leupeptin, with bovine trypsin. 57 67

In the last 11 years the authors have succeeded in isolating nearly 40 enzyme inhibitors of small molecular size from microbial origins. These inhibitors proved to be not only useful tools in analyses of homeostasis of living organisms but also promising agents for cancer chemotherapy. Leupeptin was originally isolated as an inhibitor against serine or thiol proteases such as trypsin, plasmin, papain and cathepsin B. And soon it was demonstrated that leupeptin suppressed chemical carcinogenesis in rats. Pepstatin has an extremely strong activity to inhibit pepsin and cathepsin D. It also inhibits ascites accumulation caused by neoplastic diseases. Bestatin is a specific inhibitor against aminopeptidase B and leucine aminopeptidase. The enzymes are located on the surface membrane in various kinds of cells including lymphocytes. Bestatin was shown to enhance not only blastogenesis of lymphocytes in vitro but also establishment of delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo. Combined use of bestatin and other antitumor agents gave promising results in animal experiments. Studies on enzyme inhibitors have provided us a new approach to cancer chemotherapy.
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PMID:Enzyme inhibitors in relation to cancer therapy. 61 3

Leupeptin is a small peptide microbially derived inhibitor of certain proteolytic enzymes. Using N-alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine 4-nitroanilide as substrate, we found a novel leupeptin-sensitive proteolytic enzyme in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea(MNU)-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma. This enzyme was apparently different from urokinase-type plasminogen activator or cathepsin B and was present in mammary tumour at levels at least 20 times higher than those in normal mammary tissue. This enzyme was separated and purified from crude extracts of MNU-induced mammary adenocarcinoma approx. 1900-fold with 34% yield. It was a trypsin-like serine endopeptidase and had a pH optimum at 7.0. The native enzyme had an apparent M(r) of 180,000 and exhibited four isoelectric points ranging from 4.3 to 5.0. Electrophoresis of denatured enzyme, however, yielded, with reduction, a major band with an apparent M(r) of 37,500 and a minor band with an apparent M(r) of 35,500. The N-terminal 23 residues of the major band were Ile1-Val2-Gly3-Gly4-Gln5-Glu6-Ala7-+ ++Ser8-Gly9-Asn10-Lys11-Xaa12-Pro13- Val14- Gln15-Val16-Xaa17-Leu18-Xaa19-Val20- Trp21-Leu22-Pro23. These and other properties of this enzyme suggested that it most closely resembles rat skin tryptase, followed by rat peritoneal mast-cell tryptase and then by tryptases from other species. The rat, like human and mouse, may carry multiple tryptase genes, and this mammary-tumour enzyme may be an additional form of rat tryptase within a new serine-proteinase family.
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PMID:Separation, purification and N-terminal sequence analysis of a novel leupeptin-sensitive serine endopeptidase present in chemically induced rat mammary tumour. 131 62

Chemical modification of the proteasome with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was performed for the purpose of identifying amino acid residues that play a role in the enzyme's proteolytic function. Modification of the proteasome with NEM specifically and irreversibly suppressed one of the three peptidase activities of the enzyme, viz., the "trypsin-like" activity. Leupeptin, a reversible competitive inhibitor of this activity, protected the activity from NEM inactivation, suggesting that NEM modifies a residue in the leupeptin binding site. Comparisons of enzyme samples labeled with [14C]NEM either in the presence or in the absence of leupeptin allowed the identification of a proteasome subunit containing an NEM-modified, leupeptin-protected cysteinyl residue. The leupeptin protection experiments suggest that residues of this subunit contribute to the active site responsible for the proteasome's trypsin-like activity. This subunit was purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Peptide mapping and N-terminal amino acid sequencing were employed to acquire information about the primary structure of the subunit, including the sequence surrounding the leupeptin-protected cysteinyl residue. The sequencing data suggest that this proteasome subunit is evolutionarily related to other proteasome subunits that have been sequenced, which show no homology to other known proteases. The assignment of a catalytic function to a member of the proteasome family supports the hypothesis that proteasome subunits represent a structurally and possibly mechanistically novel group of proteases.
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PMID:Identification and localization of a cysteinyl residue critical for the trypsin-like catalytic activity of the proteasome. 151 Sep 24

1. Lobster muscles contain a latent multicatalytic proteinase; heating at 60 degrees C for 1-2 min converts the latent form to a heat-activated form with enhanced proteolytic activity. Both forms have three endopeptidase activities, which are classified as the trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and peptidylglutamylpeptide bond hydrolyzing activities. 2. Sulfhydryl reagents (mersalyl acid, N-ethylmaleimide, hemin, iodoacetamide, and p-chloromercurisulfonic acid), benzamidine, and chloromethyl ketones inhibited all three activities of the heat-activated form. Leupeptin and antipain inhibited only the trypsin-like activity, while the chymotrypsin-like activity was the most sensitive to diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, and soybean trypsin inhibitor. Pepstatin and L-trans-epoxysuccinylpeptides had little effect on the peptidase activities. 3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and oleic acid preferentially activated the peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolyzing activity of the latent form, whereas N-ethylmaleimide stimulated both the trypsin-like and peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolases. These results suggest that the lobster enzyme is an atypical serine proteinase.
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PMID:Differential effects of oleic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and protease inhibitors on the endopeptidase activities of the lobster multicatalytic proteinase. 176 21

Three types of caseinolytic proteases (Pase-A, Pase-B, and Pase-C) were isolated and purified from culture supernatants of Porphyromonas gingivalis 381 by the combined procedures of acetone precipitation, gel filtration, solubilization with octylthioglucoside followed by affinity chromatography on arginine-Sepharose 4B, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on Biofine IEC-DEAE, and HPLC on TSK-G4000SW. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Pase-A and -B showed diffuse protein bands of 105 to 110 and 72 to 80 kDa, respectively, and Pase-C showed a clear band of about 44 kDa. Pase-B and -C hydrolyzed some synthetic substrates for trypsin, but Pase-B did not act on the carboxyl side of lysine in insulin chain B or on a synthetic substrate which trypsin and Pase-C acted on. Pase-A did not act on the synthetic substrates but cleaved the peptide bonds Glu-Ala and Ala-Leu of insulin. Leupeptin inhibition of the caseinolytic activity of both Pase-A and -B was similar to its inhibition of Pase-C. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropyl fluorophosphate strongly inhibited Pase-A, but no significant effect on the other enzymes was observed, suggesting that only Pase-A is a serine protease. The inhibitory characteristics of Pase-B and -C were very similar. Pase-A was not thiol dependent for enzyme activity, but Pase-B was strongly dependent, i.e., even more so than Pase-C. Pase-A inactivated the inhibitory activity of plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin, but the other two did not. These results show that P. gingivalis produces different types of proteases other than the trypsinlike protease generally reported.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of three types of proteases from culture supernatants of Porphyromonas gingivalis. 187 30

The cell association and degradation of insulin and alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex were measured in rat adipocytes with or without various inhibitors in the attempt to clarify whether the two ligands were taken up by the same or by different pathways. Several inhibitors, and particularly those of membrane traffic, lysosomal function and transglutaminase activity, affected the two ligands differently. Thus, chloroquine (100 microM) reduced both the uptake of alpha 2-macroglobulin X trypsin and its receptor-mediated degradation by about 70%. In contrast, the uptake of insulin was increased 2-3-times and the receptor-mediated degradation was only slightly reduced. Methylamine (10 mM) and ammonium chloride (10 mM) reduced degradation of alpha 2-macroglobulin X trypsin markedly without affecting that of insulin. Leupeptin (100 microM) increased uptake and reduced degradation of alpha 2-macroglobulin X trypsin without affecting insulin. Dansylcadaverine (500 microM) almost abolished uptake and degradation of alpha 2-macroglobulin X trypsin but had little effect on insulin. Moreover, uptake and degradation of alpha 2-macroglobulin X trypsin was much more sensitive than insulin to the action of metabolic inhibitors such as dinitrophenol and cyanide. The results show that the two ligands are taken up by functionally different systems. In addition, they support the hypothesis that lysosomes play a relatively minor role in the receptor-mediated degradation of insulin.
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PMID:Uptake and degradation of insulin and alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex in rat adipocytes. Evidence for different pathways. 257 78

We have isolated and characterized a novel, large, multicatalytic protease from mammalian cells. This protease was designated PABI (protease accumulated by inhibitors). When baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were grown in medium containing leupeptin, a potent serine-cysteine protease inhibitor, the trypsin-like protease activity (PABI) in the cells increased its level more than 100-fold over the control. This increase was also observed in other cultured cells such as COS, HepG2, and skin fibroblast cells. The activity was also elevated by treatment with other protease inhibitors including chymostatin or trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamide-(4-guanidino)butane. Immunoblot analysis, by employing antisera prepared against the purified PABI, also showed a concomitant increase of this protein in BHK, COS, and HepG2 cells on leupeptin treatment. PABI was purified to a homogeneous state from leupeptin-treated BHK cells. PABI is a glycoprotein of molecular weight 700,000. PABI was found to be a multimer of a major subunit of apparent Mr of 84,000, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopic analysis. PABI dissociates into subunits only under reducing conditions in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PABI has both trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like protease activities toward synthetic substrates. Both activities were inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, bovine pancreas trypsin inhibitor, and chymostatin. Leupeptin inhibited only the trypsin-like activity of PABI. p-Chloromercuribenzoate had no effect on either activity. Furthermore, PABI degraded collagen type I and fibronectin. These results indicate that PABI is a novel protease which differs from any known proteases including cytosolic high molecular weight proteases. The physiological function of PABI is yet to be determined.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of a novel large protease accumulated in mammalian cells in the presence of inhibitors. 267 25


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