Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
 42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the number of enkephalin-containing polypeptides (ECP's) from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules have been isolated and sequenced the complete sequence of the translation product has not been determined. Preliminary data from cDNA suggests a 1500 mRNA is the precursor mRNA. Continuation of that line of research to clone the cDNA should provide the total precursor amino acid sequence. Data obtained from ovine chromaffin granules indicates that the ECP's from the species are very similar to those in bovine granules. If this is extended to other species it would appear that some of the ECP's may serve a role beyond that of an enkephalin precursor. In an analogy to pro-opiocortin the "proenkephalin" also may contain multiple hormone sequences. The sequences determined thus far imply trypsin-like enzymes and a carboxy-peptidase B are used to cleave the precursor. We have determined that both types of enzymes are indeed present in chromaffin granules and further studies of these enzymes will provide information of how the precursor cleavages are regulated.
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PMID:Enkephalin biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla. 712 93

During the pollen season, quantitative determination of the chemical mediators and eosinophil count was performed in 16 patients with hay fever after nasal allergen challenge (NAC). The aim of this study was objectively to assess the effect of H1 and of a combination of H1 and H2 antagonists on nasal symptoms, mediator release, and eosinophil count during an allergic reaction. NAC was performed at baseline (V1), 2 weeks after treatment with cetirizine 10 mg/day (V2), and after a combined therapy with cetirizine 10 mg and cimetidine 800 mg a day during the following week (V3). Results showed a significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) relief of nasal symptoms such as: itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea and congestion, and of objective parameter such as: reduction of the number of sneezes after NAC at V2 and V3. Neither H1 antagonist nor a combination of H1 and H2 antagonists showed any effect on eosinophilia and ECP concentration caused by natural allergen exposure, nor on histamine and tryptase release immediately after NAC. When a combination of H1 and H2 antagonists was administered significant reduction of the nasal airway resistance and increase of the nasal air flow were demonstrated.
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PMID:Effect of H1 and H2 antagonists on nasal symptoms and mediator release in atopic patients after nasal allergen challenge during the pollen season. 882 Mar 58

We examined relation with the scattering number of Japanese cedar pollens in Mibu, Tochigi, Japan and a nasal allergy symptom expects from pollen observation at an appearance and symptom progress in detail. We investigated appearance day of nasal allergy symptom and relation with pollen number. High relation was admitted as accumulate rate of nasal allergy as accumulation pollen during a numerical square root. When it was long period of the first observation day of pollen to the first day of pollen scatterring, the rate of nasal allergy symptom became high. An equilateral correlation was admitted as symptom a score in symptom progress and relation with pollen number accumulation pollen during a numerical square root. ECP and tryptase value in nose juice washing liquid rose with progressive of symptom. Early phase reaction progresses in a continuation nose mucous membrane induction examination and ECP in nose juice washing and tryptase rose with it. Late phase reaction was halved with positive group by negative group, progress of reaction by repetition of induction was not accepted. In our conclusion, a symptom is caused by little pollen being exposed repeatedly and that a symptom will become worsen was observed by numerical accumulation pollen.
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PMID:[Reration between symptom and counts of scattering Japanese cedar pollen--examination of clinical observation and repeated provocation]. 885 16

Ten patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and 10 healthy subjects were studied to determine most discriminative nasal irrigation fluid marker(s) and to compare samples that were collected at baseline and over a 1-hour period, every 15 minutes. The latter were pooled and designated 1-hour sample. In the nasal irrigation we investigated the following inflammatory cells and soluble mediators: eosinophils, neutrophils, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, ECP, EPX, MPO, leukotriene C4, leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, tryptase and fibrinogen. Patients with PAR were then treated for 2 weeks with the topical nasal steroid. The only marker that discriminated patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and healthy subjects was eosinophil count (EO%): correspondingly 14.01 +/- 5.8 and 0.18 +/- 0.09, (M +/- SD). Difference between the studied groups did not depend on the time of irrigation, baseline or 1-hour. EO% was also the only marker of a clinically successful treatment with the nasal steroid, 14.01 +/- 5.8 and 0.87 +/- 0.4, before and after treatment respectively. We conclude that EO% is the most sensitive inflammatory marker of perennial allergic rhinitis, and that baseline nasal irrigation can be used to study nasal mucosal inflammation.
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PMID:Clinical and nasal irrigation fluid findings in perennial allergic rhinitis. 943 56

Upper airway symptoms in workers employed in the manufacture of wood products using ultraviolet radiation curing or acid curing of surface coating have been reported. In this study, workers were divided into groups according to exposure: (1) UV-surface coating line, (2) acid curing surface coating line, (3) finishing processes of UV-cured acrylate coated products, (4) finishing processes of of both UV- and acid cured coated wood products, and (5) control group. The workers were examined with nasal lavage in order to investigate inflammatory signs (ECP, tryptase, albumin and microscopy with cell differential counting). UV-line workers and finishers had significantly increased levels of ECP in nasal lavage. There was a positive correlation between exposure time and ECP and albumin levels. Workers with general nasal complaints and atopics had increased levels of ECP. In this study there were findings indicating an inflammatory process in the nasal mucosa in workers exposed to UV radiation curing multifunctional acrylate coatings. The findings indicate an unspecific inflammation and, therefore, a correlation between occupational exposure to acrylate coatings and nasal inflammation seems probable.
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PMID:Biomarkers of nasal inflammation in wood-surface coating industry workers. 951 47

The corticosteroids or glucocorticoids have a preponderant place in the treatment of allergic manifestations. They are used to ward of the inflammatory process triggered and auto-maintained by some mediators (histamine, tryptase, leucotrienes, prostaglandin, ECP, MBP ...) that are released by some cells (mastocytes, basophils, eosinophils ...) during the contest of antigen--antigen receptor site. It is essential to understand the mechanism of action of the glucocorticoids as well as their secondary effects to adapt prescriptions better.
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PMID:[Corticosteroids]. 1037 Jul 23

In order to investigate the structural basis for functional differences among actin isoforms, we have compared the polymerization properties and conformations of scallop adductor muscle beta-like actin and rabbit skeletal muscle alpha-actin. Polymerization of scallop Ca(2+)-actin was slower than that of skeletal muscle Ca(2+)-actin. Cleavage of the actin polypeptide chain between Gly-42 and Val-43 with Escherichia coli protease ECP 32 impaired the polymerization of scallop Mg(2+)-actin to a greater extent than skeletal muscle Mg(2+)-actin. When monomeric scallop and skeletal muscle Ca(2+)-actins were subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin, subtilisin, or ECP 32, no differences in the conformation of actin subdomain 2 were detected. At the same time, local differences in the conformations of scallop and skeletal muscle actin subdomains 1 were revealed as intrinsic fluorescence differences. Replacement of tightly bound Ca(2+) with Mg(2+) resulted in more extensive proteolysis of segment 61-69 of scallop actin than in the case of skeletal muscle actin. Furthermore, segment 61-69 was more accessible to proteolysis with subtilisin in polymerized scallop Ca(2+)-actin than in polymerized skeletal muscle Ca(2+)-actin, indicating that, in the polymeric form, the nucleotide-containing cleft is in a more open conformation in beta-like scallop actin than in skeletal muscle alpha-actin. We suggest that this difference between scallop and skeletal muscle actins is due to a less efficient shift of scallop actin subdomain 2 to the position it has in the polymer. The possible consequences of amino acid substitutions in actin subdomain 1 in the allosteric regulation of the actin cleft, and hence in the different stabilities of polymers formed by different actins, are discussed.
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PMID:Correlation between polymerizability and conformation in scallop beta-like actin and rabbit skeletal muscle alpha-actin. 1041 17

The prevalence of cow's milk allergy is stable, between 2% and 5%. Clinical symptoms are numerous. Gastroesophageal reflux and persistent constipation have been recently described. The main point is the increasing prevalence of multiple food allergens. Double blind placebo controlled milk challenges are mandatory for the diagnosis, sometimes eight days long. The proof of the IgE-dependent sensitization, or of lymphocyte activation is not always brought. ECP, methylhistamine and tryptase dosages coupled to challenges are not clearly informative tests. The eviction of dairy products is completed by substitution by casein hydrolysates or pork collagen or soy hydrolysates, or by formula made from amino acids. Tolerance protocols are not standardized, however valuable. Review documented by 98 references.
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PMID:Cow's milk allergy. 1044 1

Efficacy monitoring of immunotherapy (IT) is performed to adjust the therapy according to the patient's reactions, to collect data for scientific studies and to evaluate the efficacy of IT. A decrease of allergy symptoms and of drug use are the main parameters. For this, allergy diaries are most suitable. Pollen exposition should be monitored with Burkhard traps. Wheal and flare reactions in skin tests can be measured by visual inspection with quantification of the diameter on transparent foils or by means of laser scanners. Nasal provocation testing leads to subjective and objective (rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry) results. A change in the threshold concentration of allergen, which is needed to provoke a positive test reaction, can be used to evaluate the success of an IT. Additionally, systemic or local side-effects should be carefully revealed. Cytologic measures can be achieved by nasal lavages. Cotton samplers, cytology brushes and suction techniques are used to collect cells and nasal secretions. Early and late allergic reactions can be evaluated. Specific cell activation markers like ECP or tryptase are useful parameters in nasal secretions. T-lymphocyte subpopulations and T-cell-lymphokine-profiles can be detected. During IT, a change from a dominating TH2-cytokine-profile to a dominating TH1-cytokine-profile can be seen. For the reason of their expense, those methods are restricted to scientific investigations and only rarely used for routine diagnostics.
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PMID:[Methods for monitoring of therapeutic efficacy in immunotherapy of allergic rhinitis]. 1058 82

Bronchial eosinophilic inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) are the main features of allergic asthma (AA), but they have also been demonstrated in allergic rhinitis (AR), suggesting a continuity between both diseases. In spite of not fully reproducing natural allergenic exposure, the allergen bronchial provocation test (A-BPT) has provided important knowledge of the pathophysiology of AA. Our aim was to verify the existence of a behavior of AA and AR airways different from the allergen bronchial challenge-induced airway eosinophilic inflammation and BHR changes. We studied a group of 31 mild and short-evolution AA and 15 AR patients, sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. The A-BPT was performed with a partially biologically standardized D. pteronyssinus extract, and known quantities of Der p 1 were inhaled. Peripheral blood (eosinophils and ECP) and induced sputum (percentage cell counts, ECP, albumin, tryptase, and interleukin [IL]-5) were analyzed, before and 24 h after A-BPT. Methacholine BHR, assessed before and 32 h after the A-BPT, was defined by M-PD20 values and, when possible, by maximal response plateau (MRP). The A-BPT was well tolerated by all the patients. AA presented a lower Der p 1 PD20 and a higher occurrence of late-phase responses (LPR). M-PD20 values decreased in AA, but not in AR, patients. MRP values increased in both groups. Eosinophils numbers and ECP levels increased in blood and sputum from both AA and AR, but only the absolute increment of sputum ECP levels was higher in AA than AR patients (P = 0.025). The A-BPT induced no change in sputum albumin, tryptase, or IL-5 values. We conclude as follows: 1) In spite of presenting a lower degree of bronchial sensitivity to allergen, AR patients responded to allergen inhalation with an eosinophilic inflammation enhancement very similar to that observed among AA. 2) MRP levels increased in both AA and AR patients after allergen challenge; however, M-PD20 values significantly changed only in the AA group, suggesting that the components of the airway response to methacholine were controlled by different mechanisms. 3) It is possible that the differences between AR and AA lie only in the quantitative bronchial response to allergen inhalation.
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PMID:Comparison of allergen-induced changes in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation between mildly allergic asthma patients and allergic rhinitis patients. 1085 83


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