Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pilated Neisseria gonorrhoeae of colony type 1 (T1) and non-pilated bacteria of colony type 4 (T4) were observed by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No pili were observed on T4 gonogocci, but two types of pili--straight, type a, and bent, type b--were seen on T1 by TEM. When incubated with human sperum and examined by either TEM or SEM, T1 gonococci were seen to attach by individual pili, by several pili wound together as a rope, or by direct contact. Gonococci from T4 colonies attached only by direct contact. Treatment with typsin (1 mg/ml) damaged or removed pili from gonococci. After incubation with trypsin, attachment of pilated gonococci to sperm was decreased significantly, but such treatment did not affect attachment of non-pilated gonococci. Incubation of gonococci from either colony type in 0.1 mmol/l ferric nitrate, followed by incubation with sperm, significantly increased attachment of only T4 bacteria. No pili were seen on T4 gonococci treated with ferric nitrate; thus, it appears that factors other than pili alone are concerned in attachment of these gonococci to sperm.
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PMID:Attachment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to human sperm. Microscopical study of trypsin and iron. 3 83

Tumour extracts were obtained from rat Walker 256 carcinoma and examined for the presence of tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF) in vivo before being used in tissue culture experiments. Capillary endothelial cells derived from cow brain white matter were used to study the effects of TAF-containing tumour extracts on cell proliferation in vitro. The cells were grown on two types of substrata: (1) plastic tissue culture dishes and (2) hydrated gels made of rat tail tendon type I collagen. Human platelets or platelet-released factors were introduced into the system because of the many inter-relationships known to exist between platelets, collagen and endothelial cells. If trypsin was used during the preparation of TAT, the resulting batches stimulated endothelial cell proliferation only when the cells were growing on a collagen substratum and either platelets or platelet-released factors were present in the growth medium. If incubation with trypsin was omitted from the TAF extraction procedure, the resulting batches stimulated cell growth both on plastic and on collagen. A synergistic interaction also occurred between these TAF-containing tumour extracts and platelet-released factors. This effect was always more marked when the cells were growing on collagen than when on plastic. These data suggest that the nature of the substratum affects the response of the endothelial cells to TAF and to platelet-released factors.
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PMID:Importance of a collagen substratum for stimulation of capillary endothelial cell proliferation by tumour angiogenesis factor. 48 64

The effects of various treatments on erythrocyte shape, surface, cell coat and calcium binding sites have been investigated by means of high voltage electron microscopy (HVM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conventional electron microscopy (TEM). Papain caused the formation of small blisters within the cellular surface as well as crenation and 'budding' of the erythrocytes. After neuraminidase treatment, long filaments were observed to radiate from the surface of the erythrocyte. The other enzymes investigated, RNA'se DNA'se, phospholipase, protease and trypsin, produced no demonstrable effect on the cellular structure, nor (with the possible exception of trypsin) on the cell coat as seen by subsequent staining with ruthenium red. Putative calcium binding sites on and in the erythrocyte membrane were demonstrated. Following incubation with radioactive calcium, activity was found in the erythrocyte membranes. Calcium binding could be reduced by prior treatment of the erythrocyte with EDTA, neuraminidase, and to a lesser extent, by papain and trypsin. Other enzymes had no demonstrable effect. Stored erythrocytes showed a progressive diminution in calcium binding over a period of up to 4 weeks.
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PMID:Localization and role of calcium in the erythrocyte coat: effects of enzymes and storage. 72 71

Activation of human normal serum with tetanus/antitetanus immune complexes (TAT-IC) resulted in increased binding of 125I-labeled interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) to serum factors, as opposed to untreated serum. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by autoradiography showed labeling of two large molecular mass factors of an apparent molecular weight (Mr) of 200,000 and 400,000, respectively. These complexes could be dissociated by reduction. No complexes were formed when reducing compounds were added to serum-TAT-IC-125I-IL-1 beta mixtures. Complex formation was largely prevented by alkylating compounds. Molecular sieve chromatography of TAT-IC-activated serum confirmed that 125I-IL-1 beta became bound to high Mr serum proteins. Fractions containing high molecular 125I-IL-1 serum protein complexes partially retained IL-1-like activity since they induced proliferation of an IL-1-dependent murine T helper (D10G4) cell lineage. The 125I-IL-1 beta binding factors could be immunoprecipitated from TAT-IC-activated serum 125I-IL-1 beta solutions by antisera to alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) or to the third complement component (C3). SDS-PAGE of the immunoprecipitates showed radioactive bands corresponding to the expected Mr resulting from complex formation between 125I-IL-1 beta and these two proteins. Treatment of purified plasma alpha 2M and C3 with trypsin or activation with methylamine, which causes cleavage of the internal thiol ester and the appearance of free thiol groups in these proteins, mediated binding of 125I-IL-1 beta to alpha 2M and C3b. The results suggest that cleavage of the internal thiol ester in C3 and alpha 2M makes these plasma proteins susceptible to binding of 125I-IL-1 beta and that free thiol groups do play a role in the formation of 125I-IL-1 beta plasma protein complexes. Activated C3 and alpha 2M may function as IL-1 beta carrier proteins in biologic fluids, in addition to their other physiologic roles.
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PMID:Binding of recombinant interleukin-1 beta to the third complement component and alpha 2-macroglobulin after activation of serum by immune complexes. 169 30

The recent interest for highly sophisticated techniques of dental tissue preparation aiming to display very particular structures, moved the AA. to improve the literature suggestions. In particular they made TEM and SEM observations of transitional zones between healthy and normal pulp and dentin after decalcification and trypsin at different concentrations treatment. The images obtained draw in the attention the study facilities of a technique that really removes all the non collagenic material. The data obtained in the pericellular zones also allowed some interventions in the recent literature discussion about inter-odontoblastic fibres.
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PMID:[An ultrastructural study of the fibrillary component of dental tissues]. 193 74

We have recently demonstrated that many cancer cell lines produce a novel trypsinogen isoenzyme called tumor-associated trypsinogen 2 (TAT-2). It was found during a search of the target protease for tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI). We now show that degradation of subendothelial cell extracellular matrix (ECM) by four different cell lines (COLO 205 colon carcinoma, K-562 erythroleukemia, CAPAN-1 pancreatic carcinoma, and HT 1080 fibrosarcoma) can be partially inhibited by TATI or neutralizing trypsin antibodies. When cells were cultured in serum-free medium on ECM, TATI and trypsin antibodies inhibited the release of immunoreactive fibronectin fragments from ECM by 47-54 and 40%, respectively. Degradation of isotopically labeled ([3H]serine, [3H]proline, and [35S]sulfate) ECM was also significantly prevented by TATI. At its maximum, it exerted a 57% inhibition on the degradation of [3H]serine-labeled ECM. Plasminogen added exogenously to the culture medium further potentiated the proteolysis of ECM. Interestingly, addition of enteropeptidase, an activator of TAT-2, also enhanced cell-mediated proteolysis as assessed by degradation of purified fibronectin coated onto the surface of wells. Immunoblot analysis showed that enteropeptidase-mediated proteolysis generated a pattern of fibronectin fragments similar to that obtained by digestion of purified fibronectin by TAT-2. These results demonstrate the existence of a proteolytic system in tumor cells which is dependent on the activation of TAT-2. We suggest that TAT-2 is involved in a protease cascade-stimulating tumor cell invasion and degradation of extracellular matrix.
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PMID:Tumor-associated trypsin participates in cancer cell-mediated degradation of extracellular matrix. 200 30

Human deciduous teeth undergoing physiologic root resorption were extracted and fixed with a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde and processed for scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, and for acid (ACPase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) cytochemistry. The resorbant organ, rich in odontoclasts, cementoblasts, fibroblasts, and macrophages, formed prominent resorption lacunae in root dentin. SEM observations of resorption lacunae treated with trypsin solution showed islands of newly-formed cementum matrix in part of the resorbing dentin surfaces. Such cementum consisted of bundles of densely-arranged collagen fibrils and, in part, contained forming cementocytic lacunae and canaliculi. Active cementoblasts adjacent to odontoclasts on resorbing dentin surfaces showed cuboidal outlines and were characterized by the presence of numerous cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi complexes, secretion granules, and many mitochondria. They sometimes formed a thin layer of cementoid and/or cementum matrix upon the resorbing dentin surface. These cementoblasts had ACPase-positive lysosomes in the cell bodies and exhibited intense ALPase activity along the plasma membranes of whole cell surfaces. These results suggest that, during root resorption, 1) active cementoblasts are present adjacent to active odontoclasts and 2) these cementoblasts are involved in remodeling the resorbing dentin surfaces.
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PMID:Possible role of cementoblasts in the resorbant organ of human deciduous teeth during root resorption. 214 74

Tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) is a 6 kDa peptide, which is synthesized at low concentrations by several tumours and cell lines. Very high concentrations of TATI occur in mucinous ovarian tumours. Elevated levels of TATI occur in serum and urine in connection with most types of cancer at advanced stages. In mucinous ovarian cancer up to 85% of all cases have elevated serum levels. Because high levels also occur in early mucinous ovarian cancer TATI appears to be the marker of choice for this tumour. Elevated levels may also occur in nonmalignant disease, especially in patients with severe infections, tissue destruction and pancreatitis. Production of TATI in tumours is associated with expression of two new tumour-associated trypsin(ogen) (TAT) isoenzymes, TAT-1 and -2, TAT-2 being the major form. These enzymes are immunologically similar to trypsinogen-1 and -2, respectively. They activate prourokinase and may therefore trigger the tumour-associated protease cascade contributing to the invasiveness of malignant tumours.
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PMID:Tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor and tumour-associated trypsin. 224 88

A porcine strain of Pasteurella multocida (serotype D:3) produced a toxin causing turbinate atrophy (TA) in pigs. The toxin (TAT), processed on a high performance liquid chromatography size exclusion column, eluted as a single peak (molecular weight of about 160,000) containing trace amounts of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS; protein:LPS, 85:1). The eluted fraction migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single band. It could be prevented from dissociating into two prominent polypeptides by addition of a protease inhibitor. A single dose (2.0 to 79.0 micrograms/kg) of TAT given to pigs intravenously was lethal. Doses from 0.02 to 1.0 microgram/kg caused transient clinical signs of porcine systemic toxicosis with reduced appetite, generalized weakness, depression, lethargy, weight loss, and in some instances, death. Intradermal doses of TAT (greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/site) produced hemorrhagic areas within four hours. Systemically, TAT causes bilateral TA, lymphopenia, liver dysfunctions, and possible renal impairment. Affinity of TAT for cells of epithelial origin was demonstrated in mice given 125I-TAT. In vitro, TAT stimulated DNA and protein syntheses of peripheral blood lymphocytes and suppressed syntheses in turbinate and kidney cell cultures without being cytolytic. Biological effects of TAT were eliminated by exposure to either heat, trypsin or anti-TAT antibody.
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PMID:Host response to Pasteurella multocida turbinate atrophy toxin in swine. 230 67

In many experimental models of skeletal muscle damage and in human muscle disease, empty basement membrane tubes remain following the destruction of muscle fibres. In the present study we test the hypothesis that the empty basement membrane tubes play an essential role in the orientation of regenerating muscle fibres. Two groups of 15 Wistar rats were used. In one group, aqueous barium chloride (BaCl2) solution was injected into the right quadriceps muscle; in the other group, freshly prepared 2% trypsin solution was similarly injected. The different stages of muscle cell necrosis and regeneration were observed by histology, by immunofluorescence using an anti-basement membrane antibody, and by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in animals killed 1-77 days following injection. Although there was muscle fibre necrosis at sites of BaCl2 injection, empty basement membrane tubes were well preserved. Myoblasts grew along the empty basement membrane tubes and by 77 days, the regenerated muscle fibres at the site of the injection were well oriented. Trypsin not only destroyed muscle fibres but also destroyed the basement membrane tubes; in the early stages of regeneration the myoblasts were disorientated but by 77 days, regeneration was comparable to that seen in the barium chloride injected muscle. The results of this study suggest that preservation of empty basement membrane tubes is not essential for the orientation of regenerating myoblasts in skeletal muscle.
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PMID:Role of the basement membrane in the regeneration of skeletal muscle. 240 30


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