Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The role of endogenous CCK in the development of digestive enzyme activities in small intestine and pancreas was investigated in suckling rats. Synthetic protease inhibitor (camostat 100 micrograms/g bwt) was orally administered twice daily for 5 days from 11 days of age. 2. Pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and alteration of pancreatic enzyme composition, especially decreases in amylase activity and increases in trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were produced by camostat treatment. These changes were completely suppressed by simultaneous administration of the potent CCK receptor antagonist L-364,718 (1 microgram/g bwt). 3. With camostat treatment, intestinal lactase activity decreased to 41%, while maltase and sucrase activities increased 3 and 2.5 times respectively. These changes in enzyme activities were not affected by the application of L-364,718. 4. The mucosal disaccharidase and pancreatic enzyme activities could not be modified by chronic subcutaneous injection of camostat. The precocious induction of maltase and sucrase activities by camostat treatment was also observed in the adrenalectomized pups. 5. These results indicate that pancreatic growth accompanied by alteration of digestive enzyme composition in the suckling rats is regulated by endogenous CCK, but the precocious induction of disaccharidase activities is not mediated by endogenous CCK released by camostat treatment.
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PMID:Precocious alteration of digestive enzyme activities in small intestine and pancreas by chronic oral administration of protease inhibitor in suckling rats. 168 62

The intestinal sucrase-isomaltase precursor is cleaved at the brush border membrane by luminal proteases. Whether the lactase precursor also is cleaved by luminal proteases is uncertain. Lactase synthesis and processing was studied in 0- and 15-day-old rats after IP administration of [35S]methionine, and changes in precociously cortisone-induced sucrase-isomaltase were used as an internal control. Mucosal lactase and sucrase-isomaltase were separately immunoprecipitated and analyzed by autoradiography after electrophoresis. In both 0- and 15-day-old rats, mucosal lactase appeared as a 200K lactase precursor band at 30 minutes and as 200K and 225K lactase precursor bands at 60 minutes and was cleaved to form a 130K lactase band 120-240 minutes after labeling; sucrase-isomaltase similarly appeared as 210K and 220K bands at 30-60 minutes and was cleaved to form 140K I and 120K S subunits by 240 minutes in day 15 rats. To determine the role of luminal proteases, intestinal segments were isolated in situ and the luminal contents were flushed 30 minutes after labeling. Unflushed segments were used as controls. Only lactase precursor and sucrase-isomaltase precursor were present 240 minutes after labeling in flushed intestinal segments, but lactase precursor and sucrase-isomaltase precursor were cleaved in unflushed segments. Addition of trypsin or elastase into the lumen of flushed segments resulted in partial cleavage of lactase precursor but not of sucrase-isomaltase precursor. Luminal contents collected from the small intestine of day 15 rats 120 and 240 minutes after labeling showed 35S-labeled 130K and 80K polypeptides in lactase immunoprecipitates. It is concluded that intestinal lactase is synthesized as lactase precursor and transported to brush border membrane and cleaved by luminal proteases, and the amino end polypeptide cleaved from lactase precursor is released into the lumen.
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PMID:Posttranslational cleavage of rat intestinal lactase occurs at the luminal side of the brush border membrane. 190 27

The in vitro effects of human duodenal secretions and various combinations of its components on activity and release of enzymes from the human brush border were examined. Sucrase retained activity for 90 min in duodenal secretions, and maltase was almost as stable; lactase lost activity rapidly and alkaline phosphatase was of intermediate stability. Inactivation of lactase could only be partly (50%) attributed to luminal proteases, bile salts and phospholipids played no role. Rate of release of an enzyme from the brush border bore no relationship to its rate of inactivation. When individual proteases were studied, elastase was the most potent for releasing disaccharidases from the brush border; trypsin was ineffective alone but augmented the effect of elastase. Sucrase and maltase were activated by proteolytic release, but activation was abolished by simultaneous exposure of brush borders to bile salts. Lactase was released and rapidly inactivated by proteinases, while alkaline phosphatase appeared to be inactivated without significant release. These results show that there are significant interactions between luminal factors which have been inapparent when studying them in isolation. Loss of functionally useful enzyme does not follow release of sucrase or maltase from the brush border into the lumen but does follow release of lactase. Study of the susceptibility of lactase to inactivation by luminal factors in the various forms of lactose intolerance is warranted.
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PMID:Influence of duodenal secretions and its components on release and activities of human brush-border enzymes. 210 71

High blood trypsin levels during early days of life are found in newborns subsequently diagnosed to be affected by cystic fibrosis. The authors compared the validity of the traditional meconium test with the blood immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) assay, carried out in parallel on 113,302 neonates from three regions of North-eastern Italy. The meconium test showed a sensitivity of 57.7%. The sensitivity of the IRT test was higher (96.1%). It was possible to identify by IRT 10 out of 11 false negative CFs at the meconium test. A shortcoming of neonatal IRT, however, is its low specificity; 1.6% of the newborns had to be retested. A new screening policy was therefore proposed and carried out on 69,640 newborns: the Lactase test (LACT) on meconium was introduced as a complementary assay in IRT positive newborns. If LACT exceeded 2 U/g dry meconium, a confirmatory sweat test was immediately requested; if LACT test was negative and IRT exceeded 85 micrograms/l, IRT was repeated. Postneonatal retesting values above 25 micrograms/l required a sweat test. As a result, the estimated prevalence of CF was 1:4,352, the sensitivity was 93.3%; the specificity turned out to be 99.6%, considering all false positive newborns investigated with retesting and/or direct sweat test.
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PMID:Development of a screening system for cystic fibrosis: meconium or blood spot trypsin assay or both? 212 72

Dietary fibres (Plantago ovata seeds, P. ovata husks, wheat bran, alfalfa, pectin, xylan) were incubated in vitro with gastrointestinal enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, alpha-amylase, maltase, lactase) in buffer solutions at concentrations of 1-5% for 10-30 min at 37 degrees C. All fibres induced sometimes pronounced changes in enzyme activity, but the effect of the different fibres on the various enzymes varied individually and was not predictable. Both P. ovata preparations had no (pepsin, trypsin, alpha-amylase) or only stimulating (chymotrypsin, lipase, lactase) actions whereas all other fibres showed inhibiting as well as stimulating influences. Wheat bran induced the most pronounced alterations increasing lipase, maltase and lactase activity and inhibiting alpha-amylase activity. Pectin and xylan were comparable in decreasing lipase and pepsin activity and in increasing chymotrypsin activity but had opposite effects on maltase activity. Alfalfa was able to stimulate lactase and lipase activity but depressed trypsin and alpha-amylase activity. The inactivation of enzymes by dietary fibres can, at least partly, be explained by adsorption to the fibre or by the presence of enzyme inhibitors especially in natural compounds. The reasons for activation processes are unknown. As enzyme activities are decisive for food digestion, the properties of the individual fibres should be carefully considered when used as dietary supplement in physiological or pathological conditions.
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PMID:Interference of dietary fibres with gastrointestinal enzymes in vitro. 248 92

The development of the human fetal gastrointestinal tract takes place early during gestation. The pancreas although developed by morphological means at the 16th week of gestation excretes its exocrine enzymes later at the 24th week of gestation except for amylase which reaches its full activity 6 months after birth. Trypsinogen secreted at the 24th week is activated into trypsin by enterokinase at the 26th week of gestation whereas lipase and colipase are secreted from the 24th week. The small intestine starts developing at the 10th week morphologically and functionally. At the same time when villi and crypts start to develop at the 11th to 12th week the first enzyme activities can be detected, i.e. sucrase-isomaltase, maltase-glucoamylase and lactase. Also peptidases and lysosomal hydrolases are measured at this age. With the exception of lactase, intestinal enzymes reach sufficient activities at the 25th week of gestation. Lactase activity remains low until the 32nd-34th week. For the digestion and absorption of lipids, protein and carbohydrates the gastrointestinal tract of premature infants under 1500 g in rather well equipped. Lipids are hydrolysed by the mutual action of breast milk lipase, lingual lipase, gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase. The carbohydrates lactose and oligosaccharides as supplements to breast milk are hydrolysed by lactase, sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamylase. Breast milk proteins and cows milk hydrolysates are digested by pancreatic proteases into oligopeptides which can be hydrolysed within the lumen by brush border peptidases and be absorbed. Peptides also can actively be transported through the microvillus membrane and be hydrolyzed by intracellular peptidases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Nutrition of premature infants below 1,500 g: enteral prerequisites]. 309 34

Intestinal and pancreatic enzyme activities are known to respond to changes in dietary composition. Studies in rats and humans suggest that adaptive mechanisms differ between species in response to altered intakes of carbohydrate and fat. Because of increased use of the pig in the study of human nutrition, we compared the responses of pancreatic enzymes and intestinal disaccharidases in groups of 7- to 10-week-old pigs fed either high-carbohydrate/low-fat (70 cal% starch, 25% protein, 5% fat) or low-carbohydrate/high-fat (5, 25, 70%, respectively) diets for 7 and 30 days. No changes were observed in the activities for lactase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin or in the tissue protein concentrations, regardless of diet duration. High-carbohydrate/low-fat intake resulted in higher specific activities of sucrase, maltase, and amylase for both periods studied. Low-carbohydrate/high-fat intake resulted in higher specific activities of pancreatic lipase for both periods studied. The response of the intestinal disaccharidases differs from that observed previously in rodents but resembles the response reported in humans. Conversely, amylase and lipase responded similarly to the pattern in the rat. These data support the continued use of the pig as a suitable model in the study of adaptation to altered intakes of carbohydrate and fat.
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PMID:Effect of diet on intestinal and pancreatic enzyme activities in the pig. 319 78

It has been demonstrated by the methods of histochemical and biochemical examination of the activity of the enzymes that the mucus layer covering the small intestinal wall contains active enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, leucin aminopeptidase IV, saccharase, lactase) and pancreatic enzymes (alpha-amylase and trypsin). Emphasis is laid on the enrichment of the mucus layer with pancreatic enzymes as compared with small intestinal juice. A hypothesis has been advanced according to which the mucus layer undergoes degradation of polymeric and oligomeric substrates, which plays a physiological part in the digestion of nutritive substances and protection of the internal medium against immunoactive biopolymers. The digestion occurring in the mucus layer is proposed to be called mucus digestion.
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PMID:[Enzymes in the mucosal layer of the small intestine]. 619 54

Invasive tests to diagnose patients with gastrointestinal disease are rapidly being replaced by procedures which enable organ function to be assessed by monitoring the product of a metabolic reaction in readily available materials such as breath, blood, and urine. Examples of these approaches that will be assessed in this review include the hydrogen breath test for lactase deficiency, radioactive carbon dioxide breath measurements to test for fat digestion and absorption, and tests of pancreatic function based upon synthetic substrates from which fluorescein or para-aminobenzoic acid can be liberated by pancreas-specific enzymes. Significant advances have been made in improving the organ sensitivity of enzyme determinations. The determination of amylase isoenzymes has been less useful than the measurement of immunoreactive trypsin; this latter enzyme is greatly elevated in the blood of neonates with cystic fibrosis, whereas serum levels are greatly depressed in cystic fibrosis patients with pancreatic insufficiency as well as in most patients with steatorrhea due to chronic pancreatitis. Many of these tests are now becoming standard procedures in the investigation of infants with gastrointestinal disease.
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PMID:The noninvasive biochemical diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease, with special reference to children. 621 Jan 70

These studies examined the potential for reorganization and differentiation of dissociated 18-day fetal rat intestine. Cultures of trypsin-dissociated fetal intestine were maintained in vitro for 1 week on a three-dimensional matrix, then transplanted into syngeneic hosts. When harvested after 4 weeks, these transplants consistently demonstrated organotypic differentiation. Spherical structures containing crypts with frequent mitotic figures and villi lined with columnar epithelium had formed. PAS staining demonstrated positive epithelial cell brush borders, goblet cells, and luminal contents. Significant levels of the microvillus membrane enzymes lactase, sucrase, maltase, and alkaline phosphatase were present in the luminal contents. Sucrase-isomaltase, an enzyme characteristic of postweaning small intestine, was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE. Thus, both morphological and biochemical maturation occurred in the transplants.
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PMID:Organotypic differentiation of trypsin-dissociated fetal rat intestine. 661 90


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