Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sporocysts from the protozoan parasite, Eimeria tenella, were isolated, preincubated with sodium taurocholate, and treated with various preparations of pancreatic enzymes. Crude trypsin, crude lipase, and purified alpha-chymotrypsin all could break the shells of sporocysts and release sporozoites. Purified trypsin was much less active than crude trypsin and purified lipase showed no activity at all. Specific inhibitors of chymotrypsin, tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethane, diphenylcarbamyl chloride, and chymostatin inhibited the release of sporozoites by all the enzyme samples, whereas tosyl-L-lysyl chloromethane, a specific inhibitor of trypsin, exerted no inhibitory effect. It is thus postulated that chymotrypsin, not trypsin, is an essential enzyme involved in excystation of E. tenella. Purified chymotrypsin is recommended to replace crude trypsin in the vitro excystation of E. tenella as a likely improved procedure.
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PMID:Pancreatic chymotrypsin as the essential enzyme for excystation of Eimeria tenella. 118 37

In 14 normal individuals and in 28 patients with chronic recurrent pancreatitis the total secretion of amylase, lipase and trypsin, as well as the proportions of these enzymes in 20 minute portions of the duodenal contents under basal conditions and after an intravenous injection of 1.5 Un/kg of the "Boots" pancreozymin were studied. A definite disproportion in the stimulated secretion of pancreatic enzymes with a higher amylase/lipase ratio and a lower lipase/trypsin ratio was found to occur as a physiological phenomenon, the degree of this disproportionality, however, being substantially greater in patients with chronic pancreatitis than in healthy persons. An inference is drawn that, along with an investigation into the overall amount of enzymes secreted secondary to pancreozymin stimulation, of importance is not so much the very fact of divulging the non-proportionality of the stimulated pancreatic enzymes secretion, but rather the analysis of the nature and the degree of this disproportionality. This is essential, in particular, when estimating the effect of various nutritional patterns on the external secretion of the pancreas.
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PMID:[Analysis by means of pancreatozymin of the degree of parallelism of secretion of pancreatic enzymes in healthy persons and patients with chronic pancreatitis]. 119 10

The sensitivity of the dissociative variants "R", "RS" and "S" of the spore-forming bacilli to some lytic agents (lysozyme, sodium lauryl sulphate, lipase, trypsin and some of their associations) has been studied. The research has been carried out on 32 strains: 14 "R", 14 "RS" and 4 "S" of different species of the genus Bacillus. The results have shown that the sensitivity to the studied lytic agents is strictly correlated, not to the species, but to the dissociative phases: these results are in accordance with those obtained in previous researches, carried out by the same Authors, on other characters, both morphological and biological, of the same variants. Thus, also through this way, it is possible to reach the conclusion that within this genus, there is more similarity among the different species of the same dissociative phase than among different dissociative variants of the same species. The results obtained in the present study allow to advance hypothesis, based also on the data of the literature, about the composition of the cell walls of the three above mentioned dissociative variants of the strains belonging to the genus Bacillus.
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PMID:[Cellular lysis and dissociative phase of the genus Bacillus]. 120 91

Using the secretin-pancreozymin test, the function of the exocrine pancreas was studied in patients with malignant disease before and after massive-dose therapy with cyclophosphamide and before and after combined cytotoxic treatment (as outlined by De Vita). The investigations further included an examination of the exocrine pancreatic function in subjects on maintenance therapy with clyclophosphamide of Myleran and a comparison with the exocrine pancreatic function in a group of controls. In the patients on massive-dose or continued therapy with cyclophosphamide the volume of the duodenal secretion and the bicarbonate, electrolyte and enzyme outputs in the duodenal secretion remained essentially unchanged. In contrast, cytotoxic combination treatment resulted in decreased activities of amylase and lipase, and in some cases of trypsin. After maintenance treatment with Myleran a reduction of the trypsin and amylase activities was detectable; chymotrypsin and lipase were found to be slighthly lowered.
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PMID:Exocrine pancreatic function in man after cytotoxic treatment. 121 Oct 65

The effect of different food substrates on production by the duodenal mucosa of factors acting on the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas was studied in the rat in vivo. Intragastric loads of glucose, maltose, arginine, lysine, peanut oil or a protein hydrolysate (Nesmida) were given to a first group of rats. The duodenum was removed at various times after food and extracts of duodenal mucosa were injected into the pancreatic-duodenal artery of other rats. The effect of these extracts was determined by measuring immunoreactive insulin levels in the portal vein and amylase, trypsin and lipase activities in the pancreatic juice of this second series of rats. Glucose and arginine, but not lysine, increased the activity of duodenal extracts on insulin secretion, whereas oil ingestion modified the activity of the duodenal extracts by inhibiting insulin secretion. Duodenal mucosa extracts taken 30 min after glucose and maltose ingestion stimulated amylase but not trypsin in the pancreatic juice, whereas extracts taken 45 min after ingestion of a protein hydrolysate stimulated trypsin but not amylase production. The extracts taken after oil ingestion specifically stimulated lipase secretion. These observations suggest the possibility of a hormonal system which is modulated by various food substrates and influences both endocrine and exocrine pancreas functions.
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PMID:[Dietary modification of a specific hormonal system of the duodenal mucosa controlling the endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions]. 121 58

Abnormal responses of plasma lipase, trypsin, and amylase to pancreozymin and secretin in poorly controlled diabetics were found in 42%, 41% and 30% while these responses in well controlled diabetics were 25%, 9% and 9% respectively. Positive provocation of at least one of these enzymes was observed in 67% of poorly controlled diabetics and was significantly more frequent than that (18%) in well controlled diabetics (p less than 0.01). An elevation of fasting lipase and amylase activities was also noted in 26% and 37% in the former in contrast to 0% and 18% in the latter. In the same 6 subjects the degree of abnormal plasma enzyme response was greater in the poorly controlled diabetic state than in the well controlled diabetic state. When insulin effect on plasma lipase response was tested in experimentally diabetic rats, insulin administration for 3 to 5 days normalized the abnormal provocation of lipase observed in chronically diabetic rats. These findings indicate that pancreatic enzymes tend to leak to the systemic circulation in insulin deficiency.
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PMID:A high incidence of positive provocation of plasma pancreatic enzymes in the poorly controlled diabetic subjects. 122 2

CFY male rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital were used in different groups for inducing acute pancreatitis by the retrograde injection either of 1 mg elastase, 5 mg trypsin, 4 mg lysolecithin, 10 mg Na-taurocholate in 0.2 ml volume or of 0.3 m. sunflower oil. In each group laparatomized animals served for control. The animals with pancreatitis were treated either with 15 mug/b.w.kg/hour glucagon or with physiological saline for 72 hours. Twenty-four and 72 hours after inducing pancreatitis glucagon did not influence the significant fall in blood pressure elicited by the intraductal injection of trypsin or elastase or in the plasma calcium level in pancreatitis induced by trypsin or sunflower oil. Neither did glucagon affect the significant increase of plasma lipase activity in pancreatitis induced by trypsin or taurocholate. It also failed to reduce the 24-hour mortality rate and the extension of fat tissue necrosis in the abdominal cavity of pancreatitic animals. In contrast, glucagon treatment significantly reduced the amount of abdominal exudate associated with bile salt induced pancreatitis and, probably due to its pancreatic blood flow increasing effect, seemed to moderate the degree of tissue damage elicited in the pancreas by detergents such as taurocholate or lysolecithin.
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PMID:Glucagon treatment of experimental acute pancreatitis. 123 17

A comparative enzyme analysis was performed on 3 pancreatic extracts generally used for dermal-epidermal separation, namely, crude trypsin (Difco), crude trypsin (Sigma) and pancreatin. A fourth pancreatic extract, crude lipase, was subjected to a corresponding analysis. The 4 extracts were assayed for activities of: protease (total), trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase-A, amylase, elastase, lipase, esterase, arylesterase and ribonuclease. Relative activities of the different proteolytic enzymes were individualized by utilizing specific inhibitors. Insignificant differences were observed between the enzyme activities of crude trypsin (Difco) and pancreatin. Crude lipase displayed similar enzyme activities as these two extracts in addition to high lipolytic, esterolytic and arylesterolytic activities. Crude trypsin (Sigma) exhibited higher tryptic and chymotryptic activities than the other extracts but lacked all further enzyme activities. Epidermal separation was performed using similar incubation conditions for each extract and skin from the same donor. Ultrastructural examination of the detached epidermis revealed that a more effective separation could be achieved by crude lipase.
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PMID:An analysis of pancreatic enzymes used in epidermal separation. 123 61

When rabbit sperm were pretreated with media of high ionic strength (380 mOsM), which had previously been shown to facilitate removal of sperm-bound seminal plasma components, and subsequently treated with follicular fluid the acrosome reaction was completed rapidly. Treatment of the sperm with follicular fluid alone yielded a greatly decreased rate of acrosome reaction completion, and treatment with the high-ionic strength medium alone caused no visible alteration to the sperm. These results suggest that removal of the sperm-bound seminal plasma components destabilizes the acrosome and prepares it to undergo the acrosome reaction. This destabilization is virtually completed after a 5-minute preincubation of the sperm in high-ionic strength media. Direct comparison of epididymal and ejaculated sperm indicated that epididymal sperm acrosomes were apparently in the same stabilized condition as ejaculated sperm. The effect of the pretreatment by high-ionic strength media could be partially mimicked by pretreatment of sperm with alpha- or beta-amylase or neuraminidase but not by beta-glucuronidase, lipase, pronase, or trypsin. Comparison of the ability of bovine follicular fluid, rabbit follicular fluid, and rabbit serum to induce the rabbit acrosome reaction showed that bovine follicular fluid was 3 to 4 times more effective than rabbit follicular fluid and that rabbit serum was totally ineffective in producing the acrosome reaction. The data support a physiologic role for follicular fluids in the process of fertilization and indicate that removal of sperm-bound seminal plasma components is a prerequisite to efficient induction of the acrosome reaction.
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PMID:Removal of sperm-bound seminal plasma components as a prerequisite to induction of the rabbit acrosome reaction. 124 42

The effect of dietary protein intake on abnormal endocrine pancreatic function was studied in five male chronic alcoholic patients with a recent history of heavy alcohol and poor dietary intake. Pancreatic function was assessed by means of the pancreozymin-secretin stimulation test. Immediately on admission and throughout the study, the patients were given ethanol, 250 g/day in divided doses. Initial administration of a low protein (25 g) 1800 calorie diet resulted in no improvement in pancreatic function. Institution of a normal protein (100 g) 2600 calorie diet for 10 days led to a return to normal in the output of bicarbonate, amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsin. Readministration of the low protein diet for 10 days resulted in decreased output of amylase and chymotrypsin. The volumes of secretion and outputs of trypsin and protein remained unchanged throughout the study. This study shows that the transient dysfunction of the exocrine pancreas frequently observed in actively drinking chronic alcoholic patients is caused by deficient dietary protein intake.
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PMID:Changes in endocrine pancreatic function produced by altered dietary protein intake in drinking alcoholics. 124 78


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