Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.4.21.4 (trypsin)
 42,187 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article summarizes biological events in human and animal nasal epithelium after short- and long-term exposure to ozone, the principal agent in photochemical smog. Despite anatomical and histological interspecies differences, ozone exposures resulted in common nasal qualitative alterations with an anterior-posterior gradient of phenomena occurring immediately, and with a lag time postexposure: epithelial disruption and increased permeability, inflammatory cell influx, and proliferative and secretory responses. Described mechanisms of toxicity included a direct effect of ozone on epithelial lining fluid and cellular membranes and the subsequent release of cytokines and cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products. An indirect effect of ozone was indicated by a decreased mucociliary clearance, free radicals production interacting with a gene promoting factor, and increased DNA synthesis. Studies highlighted the pivotal role of activated neutrophils and mast cells leading to the release of deleterious enzymes (tryptase, eosinophil cationic protein) and numerous cytokines. Experiments performed with ozone exposure/allergen challenge reported that, besides the intrinsic deleterious properties of ozone, it also had a priming effect on the late-phase response to allergen challenge, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of respiratory allergic diseases.
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PMID:Nasal epithelial and inflammatory response to ozone exposure: a review of laboratory-based studies published since 1985. 1288 46

Inhibition of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling has been shown to decrease herbivore resistance, but the responsible mechanisms are largely unknown because insect resistance is poorly understood in most model plant systems. We characterize three members of the lipoxygenase (LOX) gene family in the native tobacco plant Nicotiana attenuata and manipulate, by antisense expression, a specific, wound- and herbivory-induced isoform (LOX3) involved in JA biosynthesis. In three independent lines, antisense expression reduced wound-induced JA accumulation but not the release of green leaf volatiles (GLVs). The impaired JA signaling reduced two herbivore-induced direct defenses, nicotine and trypsin protease inhibitors (TPI), as well as the potent indirect defense, the release of volatile terpenes that attract generalist predators to feeding herbivores. All these defenses could be fully restored by methyl-JA (MeJA) treatment, with the exception of the increase in TPI activity, which was partially restored, suggesting the involvement of additional signals. The impaired ability to produce chemical defenses resulted in lower resistance to Manduca sexta attack, which could also be restored by MeJA treatment. Expression analysis using a cDNA microarray, specifically designed to analyze M. sexta-induced gene expression in N. attenuata, revealed a pivotal role for LOX3-produced oxylipins in upregulating defense genes (protease inhibitor, PI; xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, XTH; threonine deaminase, TD; hydroperoxide lyase, HPL), suppressing both downregulated growth genes (RUBISCO and photosystem II, PSII) and upregulated oxylipin genes (alpha-dioxygenase, alpha-DOX). By genetically manipulating signaling in a plant with a well-characterized ecology, we demonstrate that the complex phenotypic changes that mediate herbivore resistance are controlled by a specific part of the oxylipin cascade.
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PMID:Antisense LOX expression increases herbivore performance by decreasing defense responses and inhibiting growth-related transcriptional reorganization in Nicotiana attenuata. 1467 45

Aphids have long been considered 'stealthy' herbivores that subvert a plant's induced defenses and manipulate its source-sink signaling, but these hypotheses are largely untested at a transcriptional level. We analysed gene expression in native tobacco plants (Nicotiana attenuata) infested with Myzus nicotianae aphids, without resorting to the use of clip-cages, with a cDNA microarray containing 240 defense-related N. attenuata genes. Using a hybridization scheme ('ratio analysis' and 'state analysis') broadly applicable in two-factor analyses, we examined how the aphids influenced source--sink relationships and determined if their feeding preference, apart from benefiting from the sink strength of young leaves, was associated with the expression of known plant defense genes. In contrast to the responses elicited by attack from tissue-feeding lepidopteran larvae and mesophyll-sucking insects, attack from phloem-feeding aphids elicited only weak responses. Similar to other herbivores, M. nicotianae feeding increased the expression of trypsin protease inhibitors (TPI), lipoxygenase, and xyloglucan-endotransglycosylase genes, and decreased small RUBISCO subunit and ubiquitin carrier protein transcripts. Aphid-specific changes included the up-regulation of glutamate synthase and the down-regulation of a germin-like protein. Aphids preferentially settled on younger leaves, which expressed more hydroperoxide lyase and TPI than did older leaves, suggesting that these genes, which mediate the synthesis of compounds reported to be toxic for aphids in other plant systems, are either not under transcriptional control or not important in this system. By identifying aphid-responsive genes, we have made a first step in identifying the 'genes that matter' in plant--aphid interactions.
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PMID:An analysis of plant-aphid interactions by different microarray hybridization strategies. 1536 31

Soybean is one of the most important sources of plant protein for human. Soybean protein is a kind of high-quality protein composed of balanced amino acids, which contains all kinds of amino acids, especially 8 amino acids necessary for human. But it also contains some components that are not good for human and affect food quality, such as lipoxygenase (Lox) and trypsin inhibitor (Ti). Those are important anti-nutritious factors. Nutritional value and processing quality of soybean can be improved by means of development of new variety with null Lox and Ti. In this paper, new soybean germplasms that pyramided multiple genes of high quality, null lipoxygenase and trypsin inhibitor genes (Ix1, Ix2, Ix3 and ti) were developed by means of cross and biochemical marker-assisted selection of progenies for null lipoxygenase and trypsin inhibitor genes using known Lox and Ti markers (protein markers). Female parents were soybean varieties Ludou 4, Zhongpin 661, Yudou 8,91D15, wei8640 popularized in Huanghuaihai Plain. Male parents were varieties introduced from US, trypsin-inhibitor (Ti)-deficient varieties P. I. L83-4387 and near isogenic lines of varieties Century for lipoxygenase (Lox)-deficient genes, Century-2 (Ix2), Century-2.3 (Ix2Ix3) and Century-1.3 (Ix1 Ix3). These new germplasms will promote soybean breeding for improved quality production,and utilization.
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PMID:[Development of new soybean germplasm with null lipoxygenase and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes]. 1601 Oct 34

Potato starch production leaves behind a huge amount of juice. This juice is rich in protein, which might be exploited for food, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical applications. In northern Europe cv. Kuras is dominant for industrial starch production, and juice protein of freshly harvested mature tubers was fractionated by Superdex 200 gel filtration. The fractions were subjected to selected activity assays (patatin, peroxidase, glyoxalases I and II, alpha-mannosidase, inhibition of trypsin, Fusarium protease, and alcalase) and protein subunit size determination by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Proteins present in SDS-PAGE bands were identified by tryptic peptide mass fingerprinting. Protein complexes such as ribosomes and proteasomes eluted with the void volume of the gel filtration. Large proteins were enzymes of starch synthesis dominated by starch phosphorylase L-1 (ca. 4% of total protein). Five identified dimeric patatin variants (25%) coeluted with four monomeric lipoxygenase variants (10%) at 97 kDa. Protease inhibitor I variants (4%) at 46 kDa (hexamer) inhibited alcalase. Fourteen Kunitz protease inhibitor variants (30%) at 19 kDa inhibited trypsin and Fusarium protease. Carboxypeptidase inhibitor variants (5%) and defensins (5%) coeluted with phenolics. The native sizes and molecular properties were determined for 43 different potato tuber proteins, several for the first time.
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PMID:Molecular properties and activities of tuber proteins from starch potato cv. Kuras. 1714 23

Sebacina vermifera, a growth-promoting endophytic fungus, significantly increases Nicotiana attenuata's growth but impairs both its herbivore resistance and its accumulation of the costly, jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defense protein, trypsin proteinase inhibitor (TPI). To determine if the fungi's growth-promoting effects can be attributed to lower TPI-related defense costs, we inoculated transformed N. attenuata plants silenced in their ability to synthesize JA, JA-isoleucine, and TPI by antisense (lipoxygenase 3 [as-lox3] and Thr deaminase [as-td]) and inverted repeat (ir-tpi) expression, and found that inoculation promoted plant growth as in untransformed wild-type plants. Moreover, herbivore-elicited increases in JA and JA-isoleucine concentrations did not differ between inoculated and uninoculated wild-type plants. However, inoculation significantly reduced the morphological effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid on wild-type seedlings in a triple response assay, suggesting that ethylene signaling was impaired. Furthermore, S. vermifera failed to promote the growth of N. attenuata plants transformed to silence ethylene production (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase [ir-aco]). Inoculating wild-type plants with S. vermifera decreased the ethylene burst elicited by applying Manduca sexta oral secretions to mechanical wounds. Accordingly, oral secretion-elicited transcript levels of the ethylene synthesis genes NaACS3, NaACO1, and NaACO3 in inoculated plants were significantly lower compared to these levels in uninoculated wild-type plants. Inoculation accelerated germination in wild-type seeds; however, uninoculated wild-type seeds germinated as rapidly as inoculated seeds in the presence of the ethylene scrubber KMnO(4). In contrast, neither inoculation nor KMnO(4) exposure influenced the germination of ir-aco seeds. We conclude that S. vermifera increases plant growth by impairing ethylene production independently of JA signaling and TPI production.
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PMID:Sebacina vermifera promotes the growth and fitness of Nicotiana attenuata by inhibiting ethylene signaling. 1741 38

Snake venom is a complex mixture containing diverse protein components with different structures and functions that are used for prey immobilization and death. Snake venoms from the family Viperidae cause pronounced local and systemic effects, such as pain, edema, hemorrhage and necrosis. Here, we investigated the enzymatic and biological activities of venoms from two Amazonian snakes, Bothriopsis bilineata and Bothriopsis taeniata. Both venoms presented high enzymatic activities for proteases kallikrein, thrombin and plasmin, low levels of trypsin, cathepsin C and leucine aminopeptidase activities, while lacked acetylcholinesterase activity. B. taeniata and B. bilineata crude venoms caused inflammation inducing neutrophil recruitment into peritoneal cavity of mice 4h after injection. Neutrophil recruitment induced by B. taeniata venom was accompanied by hemorrhage. EDTA treatment profoundly impaired neutrophil recruitment, suggesting the involvement of a metalloproteinase on venoms-induced neutrophil recruitment. Pretreatment with dexamethasone and zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, significantly reduced neutrophil migration, but indomethacin and montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, had no effect, suggesting the involvement of lipoxygenase-derived metabolites, probably LTB(4). Together, these results show that B. bilineata and B. taeniata venoms induce a marked inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte recruitment, and hemorrhage, which parallels to a high proteolytic activity found in these venoms.
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PMID:Biochemical and biological characterization of the venoms of Bothriopsis bilineata and Bothriopsis taeniata (Serpentes: Viperidae). 1753 75

Taking into account that compounds bearing a thiazolyl, pyridyl and indolyl, moieties possess a wide spectrum of biological activities which is related to their capacity to transfer electrons and to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), we synthesized some new heterocyclic aryl acetic acids and the corresponding acetohydroxamic acids and we explored their ability to inhibit soybean lipoxygenase, to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as to present serine proteases inhibition. The compounds were found to strongly inhibit lipid peroxidation and to decrease in vivo the carrageenin induced rat paw edema (28-56%). Compound 1i possesses the highest decrease 56%, in vivo. The tested derivatives presented interesting inhibitory activity on soybean lipoxygenase. Compound 5ii showed significant in vitro inhibition on trypsin (IC(50) 87 microM). The results are discussed in terms of structural and physicochemical characteristics of the compounds. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral and elemental analysis. Their lipophilicity is experimentally determined by RPTLC method.
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PMID:Heterocyclic aryl(phenyl)acetic Acid and aryl acetohydroxamic acids as antiinflammatory -antioxidant agents and inhibitors of lipoxygenase and serine proteases. 1789 68

Treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicits herbivore resistance in many plant species and over-expression of JA carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) constitutively increases JA-induced responses in Arabidopsis. When wild-type (WT) Nicotiana attenuata plants are treated with MeJA, a rapid transient endogenous JA burst is elicited, which in turn increases levels of nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) and resistance to larvae of the specialist herbivore, Manduca sexta. All of these responses are impaired in plants silenced in lipoxygenase 3 expression (asLOX3) but are restored to WT levels by MeJA treatment. Whether these MeJA-induced responses are directly elicited by MeJA or by its cleavage product, JA, is unknown. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we silenced MeJA-esterase (NaMJE) expression and found this gene responsible for most of the MeJA-cleaving activity in N. attenuata protein extracts. Silencing NaMJE in asLOX3, but not in WT plants, significantly reduced MeJA-induced nicotine levels and resistance to M. sexta, but not TPI levels. MeJA-induced transcript levels of threonine deaminase (NaTD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (NaPAL1) were also decreased in VIGS MJE (asLOX3) plants. Finally the performance of M. sexta larvae that fed on plants treated with JA or MeJA demonstrated that silencing NaMJE inhibited MeJA-induced but not JA-induced resistance in asLOX3 plants. From these results, we conclude that the resistance elicited by MeJA treatment is directly elicited not by MeJA but by its de-methylated product, JA.
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PMID:Methyl jasmonate-elicited herbivore resistance: does MeJA function as a signal without being hydrolyzed to JA? 1821 27

The Helianthus annuus (sunflower) HAHB4 transcription factor belongs to the HD-Zip family and its transcript levels are strongly induced when sunflower plants are attacked by herbivores, mechanically damaged or treated with methyl-jasmonic acid (MeJA) or ethylene (ET). Promoter fusion analysis, in Arabidopsis and in sunflower, demonstrated that induction of HAHB4 expression by these treatments is regulated at the transcriptional level. In transiently transformed sunflower plants HAHB4 expression upregulates the transcript levels of several genes involved in JA biosynthesis and defense-related processes such as the production of green leaf volatiles and trypsin protease inhibitors (TPI). In HAHB4 sunflower overexpressing tissue, increased activities of lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase and TPI are detected whereas in HAHB4-silenced tissue these activities are reduced. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays plants ecotopically expressing HAHB4 also exhibit higher transcript levels of defense-related genes and when Spodoptera littoralis or Spodoptera frugiperda larvae are placed on each species, respectively, larvae consumed less and gain less mass compared with larvae feeding on control plants. Arabidopsis plants ectopically expressing HAHB4 had higher amounts of JA, JA-isoleucine and ET compared with control plants both before and after wounding, but reduced levels of salicylic acid (SA) after wounding and bacterial infection. We conclude that HAHB4 coordinates the production of phytohormones during biotic stress responses and mechanical damage, specifically by positively regulating JA and ET production and negatively regulating ET sensitivity and SA accumulation.
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PMID:HAHB4, a sunflower HD-Zip protein, integrates signals from the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways during wounding and biotic stress responses. 1864 70


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